Gentamicin Renal Excretion in Rats: Probing Strategies to Mitigate Drug-Induced Nephrotoxicity

Abstract

The renal excretion of gentamicin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, was studied in the isolated perfused rat kidney (IPRK) model. Dose-linearity experiments were carried out at four doses (400, 800, 1600, 3200 μg), targeting initial perfusate levels of 5, 10, 20 and 40 μg/ml. Additionally, gentamicin was co-perfused with sodium bicarbonate (0.25 mM) and/or cimetidine (2 mM) to evaluate the effect of urinary alkalization and secretory inhibition on gentamicin excretion and kidney accumulation. Gentamicin displayed net reabsorption in the IPRK, consistent with extensive luminal uptake. Kinetic analysis indicated that luminal transport of gentamicin (kidney ? urine) is the rate-determining step for gentamicin urinary excretion. Clearance and cumulative excretion decreased with increased gentamicin dose. Gentamicin kidney accumulation, estimated by mass balance, ranged from ~20% - 30%. Urinary alkalization significantly increased gentamicin excretion, with no effect on kidney accumulation. Conversely, cimetidine co-administration did not affect gentamicin clearance in the IPRK, but kidney accumulation was significantly reduced. When both sodium bicarbonate and cimetidine were administered together, gentamicin kidney accumulation decreased ~80% with corresponding increases in clearance and excretion ratio (XR) compared to gentamicin alone. A main strategy to reduce the incidence of nephrotoxicity with gentamicin therapy (up to ~25%) involves reducing kidney accumulation of the compound. The results of this research suggest that the combination of urinary alkalization and inhibition of basolateral secretion (blood → kidney) may be a viable approach to mitigate aminoglycoside toxicity, and warrants further investigation.