There has long been an interest in the relationship between EQ and IQ. In this study, over 6000 adults completed both a multidimensional, well-validated Intelligence (IQ) test (GIA) with five subscales ( Reasoning, Perceptual Speed, Number Speed & Accuracy, Word Meaning, and Spatial Visualization ) as well as a well-established measure of Trait Emotional Intelligence (TEIQue) with 15 subscales. Nearly, all correlations between these measures were very small, significant (-.07 < r < -.12) and negative. An exploratory factor analysis of both measures combined confirmed the four-factor structure of the TEIQue measure and the single-factor structure of the IQ tests. Structural Equation Modelling showed the IQ scores of reasoning and word meaning to be most closely related to TEIQue dimensions. We considered and discussed the implications and limitations of these findings.
Ackerman, P. L. (2018). The Search for Personality-Intelligence Relations: Methodological and Conceptual Issues. Journal of Intelligence, 6, 2-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence6010002
Andrei, F., Siegling, A. B., Aloe, A. M., Baldaro, B., & Petrides, K. V. (2016). The Incremental Validity of the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Personality Assessment, 98, 261-276. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2015.1084630
Arteche, A., Chamorro-Premuzic, T., Furnham, A., & Crump, J. (2008). The Relationship of Trait EI with Personality, IQ and Sex in a UK Sample of Employees. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 16, 421-426. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2389.2008.00446.x
Barbey, A., Colom, R., & Grafman, J. (2014). Distributed Neural System for Emotional Intelligence Revealed by Lesion Mapping. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9, 265-272. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nss124
Bar-On, R. (2004). The Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i): Rationale, Description and Psychometric Properties. In G. Geher (Ed.), Measuring Emotional Intelligence: Common Ground and Controversy (pp. 115-145). Nova Science.
Bédard, M. A., & Le Corff, Y. (2020). Intelligence and Personality: A Replication and Extension Study of the Association between Intelligence and Personality Aspects. Journal of Individual Differences, 41, 124-132. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000311
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance Tests and Goodness of Fit in the Analysis of Covariance Structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588-606. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588
Chamorro-Premuzic, T., Furnham, A., & Moutafi, J. (2004). The Relationship between Estimated and Psychometric Personality and Intelligence Scores. Journal of Research in Personality, 38, 505-513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2003.10.002
Cuppello, S., Treglown, L., & Furnham, A. (2023). Personality and Management Level: Traits That Get You to the Top. Personality and Individual Difference, 206, Article ID: 112108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2023.112108
Dann, P. (2015). The General Intelligence Assessment (GIA) Technical Manual. Thomas International Limited.
Deary, I. J., Pattie, A., & Starr, J. M. (2013). The Stability of Intelligence from Age 11 to Age 90 Years: The Lothian Birth Cohort of 1921. Psychological Science, 24, 2361-2368. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613486487
Derksen, J, Kramer, I., & Katzko, M. (2002). Does a Self-Report Measure for Emotional Intelligence Assess Something Different than General Intelligence? Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 37-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00004-6
Di Fabio, A., & Saklofske, D. (2014). Comparing Ability and Self-Report Trait Emotional Intelligence, Fluid Intelligence, and Personality Traits in Career Decision. Personality and Individual Differences, 64, 174-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.02.024
Frederickson, N., Petrides, K. V., & Simmonds, E. (2012). Trait Emotional Intelligence as a Predictor of Socioemotional Outcomes in Early Adolescence. Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 323-328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.10.034
Furnham, A. (2009). The Importance and Training of Emotional Intelligence at Work. In J. Parker, D. Saklofske, & C. Stough (Eds.), Assessing Emotional Intelligence (pp. 137-155). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-88370-0_8
Furnham, A., & Dissou, G. (2007). The Relationship between Self-Estimated and Test Derived Scores of Personality and Intelligence. Journal of Individual Differences, 28, 37-44. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001.28.1.37
Furnham, A., & Petrides, K. V. (2003). Trait Emotional Intelligence and Happiness. Social Behavior and Personality, 31, 815-824. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2003.31.8.815
Furnham, A., & Robinson, C. (2023). Sex Difference in Estimated Intelligence and Estimated Emotional Intelligence and IQ Scores. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 184, 133-144. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.2022.2140025
Furnham, A., & Treglown, L. (2018). High Potential Personality and Intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 128, 81-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.02.025
Furnham, A., McClelland, A., & Mansi, A. (2012). Selecting Your Boss: Sex, Age, IQ and EQ Factors. Personality and Individual Differences, 53, 552-556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.04.005
Henderson, D. A., & Denison, D. R. (1989). Stepwise Regression in Social and Psychological Research. Psychological Reports, 64, 251-257. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1989.64.1.251
Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Structural Equation Modelling: Guidelines for Determining Model Fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6, 53-60. https://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit Indices in Covariance Structure Modelling: Sensitivity to Under-Parameterized Model Misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3, 424-453. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424
Hyde, J. S. (2007). New Directions in the Study of Gender Similarities and Differences. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 259-263. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00516.x
Irvine, S. H., Dann, P. L., & Anderson, J. D. (1990). Towards a Theory of Algorithm-Determined Cognitive Test Construction. British Journal of Psychology, 81, 173-195. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1990.tb02354.x
Khalilzadeh, J., & Tasci, A. D. (2017). Large Sample Size, Significance Level, and the Effect Size: Solutions to Perils of Using Big Data for Academic Research. Tourism Management, 62, 89-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.03.026
Kline, T. (2005). Psychological Testing: A Practical Approach to Design and Evaluation. Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483385693
MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996). Power Analysis and Determination of Sample Size for Covariance Structure Modelling. Psychological Methods, 1, 130-149. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.1.2.130
MacCann, C., Jiang, Y., Brown, L. E. R., Double, K. S., Bucich, M., & Minbashian, A. (2020). Emotional Intelligence Predicts Academic Performance: A Meta-Analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 146, 150-186. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000219
Matthews, G., Zeidner, M., & Roberts, R. D. (2002). Emotional Intelligence: Science and Myth. MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/2704.001.0001
Mavroveli, S., & Sanchez-Ruiz, M. J. (2011). Trait Emotional Intelligence Influences on Academic Achievement and School Behaviour. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 81, 112-134. https://doi.org/10.1348/2044-8279.002009
Mikolajczak, M., Luminet, O., Leroy, C., & Roy, E. (2007). Psychometric Properties of the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire: Factor Structure, Reliability, Construct, and Incremental Validity in a French-Speaking Population European Journal of Personality Assessment, 88, 338-353. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890701333431
Moutafi, J., Furnham, A., & Crump, J. (2003). Demographic and Personality Predictors of Intelligence: A Study Using the Neo Personality Inventory and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. European Journal of Personality, 17, 79-94. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.471
Moutafi, J., Furnham, A., & Paltiel, L. (2004). Why Is Conscientiousness Negatively Correlated with Intelligence? Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 1013-1022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2003.11.010
Nath, S., Ghosh, S., & Das, S. (2015). Relation between Intelligence, Emotional Intelligence, and Academic Performance among Medical Interns. Open Journal in Psychiatry and Allied Sciences, 6, 96-100. https://doi.org/10.5958/2394-2061.2015.00004.X
Newsome, S., Day, A., & Catano, V. (2000). Assessing the Predictive Validity of Emotional Intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 1005-1016. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00250-0
Olderbak, S., Semmler, M., & Doebler, P. (2018). Four-Branch Model of Ability Emotional Intelligence with Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence: A Meta-Analysis of Relations. Emotion Review, 11, 166-183. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073918776776
Petrides, K. V. (2009). Technical Manual for the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue). London Psychometric Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-88370-0_5
Petrides, K. V. (2011). Ability and Trait Emotional Intelligence. In T. Chamorro-Premuzic, S. Von Stumm, & A. Furnham (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Individual Differences (pp. 656-678). Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444343120.ch25
Petrides, K. V., & Furnham, A. (2001). Trait Emotional Intelligence: Psychometric Investigation with Reference to Established Trait Taxonomies. European Journal of Personality, 15, 425-448. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.416
Petrides, K. V., & Furnham, A. (2003). Trait Emotional Intelligence: Behavioural Validation in Two Studies of Emotion Recognition and Reactivity to Mood Induction. European Journal of Personality, 17, 39-57. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.466
Petrides, K. V., Frederickson, N., & Furnham, A. (2004). The Role of Trait Emotional Intelligence in Academic Performance and Deviant Behavior at School. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 277-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00084-9
Petrides, K. V., Mikolajczak, M., Mavrovelli, S., Sánches-Ruiz, M.-J., Furnham, A., & Pérez-González, J.-C. (2016). Recent Developments in Trait Emotional Intelligence Research. Emotional Review, 8, 335-341. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073916650493
Petrides, K. V., Pérez-González, J.-C., & Furnham, A. (2007). On the Criterion and Incremental Validity of Trait Emotional Intelligence. Cognition and Emotion, 21, 26-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930601038912
Rammstedt, B., Lechner, C. M., & Danner, D. (2018). Relationships between Personality and Cognitive Ability: A Facet-Level Analysis. Journal of Intelligence, 6, 28-40. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence6020028
Rosseel, Y. (2012). Lavaan: An R Package for Structural Equation Modeling and More. Version 0.5-12 (BETA). Journal of Statistical Software, 48, 1-36. https://urgent.be https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02
Sanchez-Ruiz, M. J., Mavroveli, S., & Poullis, J. (2013). Trait Emotional Intelligence and Its Links to University Performance: An Examination. Personality and Individual Differences, 54, 658-662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.11.013
Singh, Y., & Sharma, R. (2012). Relationship between General Intelligence, Emotional Intelligence, Stress Levels and Stress Reactivity. Annals of Neuroscience, 19, 107-11. https://doi.org/10.5214/ans.0972.7531.190304
Stankov, L. (2018). Low Correlations between Intelligence and Big Five Personality Traits: Need to Broaden the Domain of Personality. Journal of Intelligence, 6, 26-37. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence6020026
Sullivan, G. M., & Feinn, R. (2012). Using Effect Size—Or Why the P Value Is Not Enough. Journal of Graduate Medical Education, 4, 279-282. https://doi.org/10.4300/JGME-D-12-00156.1
Treglown, L., & Furnham, A. (2022). Age, Sex, Education, EQ, IQ and Management Level: A Study from Great Britain. Journal of General Management, 48, 320-329. https://doi.org/10.1177/03063070221107128
Treglown, L., Daria, T., & Furnham, A. (2021). Trait Emotional Intelligence and Job Performance Evaluations: Evidence from Self, Manager, Team and Peer Ratings. International Journal of Organisational Analysis, 29, 1156-1171. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-07-2020-2316
Van der Zee, K., Thijs, M., & Schakel, L. (2002). The Relationship of Emotional Intelligence with Academic Intelligence and the Big Five. European Journal of Personality, 16, 103-125. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.434
Völker, J. (2020). An Examination of Ability Emotional Intelligence and Its Relationships with Fluid and Crystallized Abilities in a Student Sample. Journal of Intelligence, 8, Article 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence8020018
Wood, P., & Englert, P. (2009). Intelligence Compensation Theory: A Critical Examination of the Negative Relationship between Conscientiousness and Fluid and Crystallised Intelligence. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Organisational Psychology, 2, 19-29. https://doi.org/10.1375/ajop.2.1.19