The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a Mindfulness-Gestalt-based Counseling Program on students’ mindfulness skills and aspects of well-being. Gestalt psychotherapy considers mindfulness as part of its therapeutic model, both of which contribute to the development of awareness. A growing number of studies of Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) have shown positive outcomes for students’ mental health and well-being. An intervention program was conducted on a sample of 208 undergraduate students who completed four self-report questionnaires: the Mindfulness, Attention, and Awareness Scale (MAAS), the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS), the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), and the Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS). Two assessments were conducted one week before and one week after the completion of the ten-week intervention program. One hundred forty-seven (147) participants took part in the “Personal Development” intervention program and sixty (60) formed the control group. The groups did not differ on any of the pretest measures. The results suggest that the Mindfulness-Gestalt-based Personal Development Group program had a positive impact on the participants’ levels of awareness, positive effect, life satisfaction, and subjective happiness. These findings could contribute to both the outcomes of mindfulness gestalt-based interventions and the development of future interventions to support students’ academic lives.
KeywordsGestaltMindfulnessCounseling InterventionWell-BeingCollege Students
Arip, M. A. S. M., Bakar, R. B. A., Ahmad, A. B., & Jais, S. M. (2013). The Development of a Group Guidance Module for Student Self-Development Based on Gestalt Theory. Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences, 84, 1310-1316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.748
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using Self-Report Assessment Methods to Explore Facets of Mindfulness. Assessment, 13, 27-45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191105283504
Bajaj, B., Khoury, B., & Sengupta, S. (2022). Resilience and Stress as Mediators in the Relationship of Mindfulness and Happiness. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article ID: 771263. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.771263
Barlow, A. R. (1983). The Derivation of a Psychological Theory: Gestalt Therapy. University of Wollongong, Australia. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/1685
Birtwell, K., Williams, K., Van Marwijk, H., Armitage, C. J., & Sheffield, D. (2019). An Exploration of Formal and Informal Mindfulness Practice and Associations with Wellbeing. Mindfulness, 10, 89-99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-0951-y
Bowlin, S. L., & Baer, R. A. (2012). Relationships between Mindfulness, Self-Control, and Psychological Functioning. Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 411-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.10.050
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The Benefits of Being Present: Mindfulness and Its Role in Psychological Well-Being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 822-848. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822
Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., & Creswell, J. D. (2007). Mindfulness: Theoretical Foundations and Evidence for Its Salutary Effects. Psychological Inquiry, 18, 211-237. https://doi.org/10.1080/10478400701598298
Brownell, P. (2010). Gestalt Therapy: A Guide to Contemporary Practice. Springer Publishing Company, LLC. http://books.google.com/books?id=gJ5cSFUAuBAC&pgis=1
Brownell, P., & Roubal, J. (2019). Two “Takes” on Treatment Manuals in Gestalt Therapy. In P. Brownell (Ed.), Handbook for Theory, Research, and Practice in Gestalt Therapy (2nd ed., pp. 150-156). Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Canby, N. K., Cameron, I. M., Calhoun, A. T., & Buchanan, G. M. (2015). A Brief Mindfulness Intervention for Healthy College Students and Its Effects on Psychological Distress, Self-Control, Meta-Mood, and Subjective Vitality. Mindfulness, 6, 1071-1081. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-014-0356-5
Cannon, B. (2009). Nothingness as the Ground for Change Gestalt Therapy and Existential Psychoanalysis. Existential Analysis, 20, 192-211.
Carmody, J., & Baer, R. A. (2008). Relationships between Mindfulness Practice and Levels of Mindfulness, Medical and Psychological Symptoms and Well-Being in a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Program. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 31, 23-33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-007-9130-7
Chiesa, A., & Malinowski, P. (2011). Mindfulness-Based Approaches: Are They All the Same? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67, 404-424. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20776
Chiodelli, R., Mello, L. T. N. de, Jesus, S. N. de, Beneton, E. R., Russel, T., & Andretta, I. (2022). Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Undergraduate Students: A Systematic Review. Journal of American College Health, 70, 791-800. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2020.1767109
Chiodelli, R., Mello, L. T. N., Jesus, S. N., & Andretta, I. (2018). Effects of a Brief Mindfulness-Based Intervention on Depression, Anxiety, and Stress in Senior Students. Psicologia: Reflexão e Críticae, 31, Article No. 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41155-018-0099-7
Christensen, E. (2007). Methodology of Superiority vs. Equivalence Trials and Non-Inferiority Trials. Journal of Hepatology, 46, 947-954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2007.02.015
Cohn, M. A., Fredrickson, B. L., Brown, S. L., Mikels, J. A., & Conway, A. M. (2009). Happiness Unpacked: Positive Emotions Increase Life Satisfaction by Building Resilience. Emotion, 9, 361-368. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015952
Corey, G. (2017). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy. Cengage.
Crocker, S. F., & Philippson, P. (2005). Phenomenology, Existentialism, and Eastern Thought in Gestalt Therapy. In A. L. Woldt, & S. M. Toman (Eds.), Gestalt Therapy: History, Theory, and Practice (pp. 65-80). SAGE Publications Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452225661.n4
Crowley, C., Kapitula, L. R., & Munk, D. (2022). Mindfulness, Happiness, and Anxiety in a Sample of College Students before and after Taking a Meditation Course. Journal of American College Health, 70, 493-500. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2020.1754839
Daskalou, B., & Sygkollitou, E. (2012). Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS). In A. Stalikas, S. Trivila, & P. Roussi (Eds.), Psychometric Tools in Greece (p. 526). Pedio.
Dawson, A. F., Brown, W. W., Anderson, J., Datta, B., Donald, J. N., Hong, K., Allan, S., Mole, T. B., Jones, P. B., & Galante, J. (2020). Mindfulness-Based Interventions for University Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 12, 384-410. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12188
De Vibe, M., Solhaug, I., Rosenvinge, J. H., Tyssen, R., Hanley, A., & Garland, E. (2018). Six-Year Positive Effects of a Mindfulness-Based Intervention on Mindfulness, Coping and Well-Being in Medical and Psychology Students; Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial. PLOS ONE, 13, e0196053. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196053
Declan, B. (2013). Mindfulness, Neurobiology and Gestalt Therapy. Ravenwood Press.
Diener, E. (1994). Assessing Subjective Well-Being: Progress and Opportunities. Social Indicators Research, 31, 103-157. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01207052
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., & Larsen, R. J. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective Well-Being: Three Decades of Progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 276-302. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276
Diener, E., Tamir, M., & Scollon, C. N. (2006). Happiness, Life Satisfaction, and Fulfillment: The Social Psychology of Subjective Well-Being. In Bridging Social Psychology: Benefits of Transdisciplinary Approaches (pp. 319-324). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Doelger, D. K. (1978). A Systematic Comparison of Gestalt Therapy as Written by Frederick S. Perls and the Philosophy of the Tao Te Ching by Lao Tzu. Dissertation Abstracts International, 39, 1455.
Dolbier, C., Conder, L., Guiler, W., & Haley, E. (2022). A Mindfulness-Based Intervention for University Students: A Feasibility Study. Building Healthy Academic Communities Journal, 6, 47-62. https://doi.org/10.18061/bhac.v6i1.8980
Dunne, J. D., Thompson, E., & Schooler, J. (2019). Mindful Meta-Awareness: Sustained and Non-Propositional. Current Opinion in Psychology, 28, 307-311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.07.003
Elliot, I., & O’Neill, B. (2005). Gestalt Therapy and Spirituality. In A. Woldt, & S. Toman (Eds.), Gestalt Therapy: History, Theory, and Practice (pp. 133-150). SAGE Publications Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452225661.n8
Finkelstein-Fox, L., Park, C. L., & Riley, K. E. (2018). Mindfulness and Emotion Regulation: Promoting Well-Being during the Transition to College. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping: An International Journal, 31, 639-653. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2018.1518635
Fredrickson, B. L., Arizmendi, C., Van Cappellen, P., Firestine, A. M., Brantley, M. M., Kim, S. L., Brantley, J., & Salzberg, S. (2019). Do Contemplative Moments Matter? Effects of Informal Meditation on Emotions and Perceived Social Integration. Mindfulness, 10, 1915-1925. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01154-2
Fredrickson, B. L., Boulton, A. J., Firestine, A. M., Van Cappellen, P., Algoe, S. B., Brantley, M. M., Kim, S. L., Brantley, J., & Salzberg, S. (2017). Positive Emotion Correlates of Meditation Practice: A Comparison of Mindfulness Meditation and Loving-Kindness Meditation. Mindfulness, 8, 1623-1633. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0735-9
Fredrickson, B. L., Cohn, M. A., Coffey, K. A., Pek, J., & Finkel, S. M. (2008). Open Hearts Build Lives: Positive Emotions, Induced through Loving-Kindness Meditation, Build Consequential Personal Resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1045-1062. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013262
Galante, J., Friedrich, C., Dawson, A. F., Modrego-Alarcón, M., Gebbing, P., Delgado-Suárez, I., Gupta, R., Dean, L., Dalgleish, T., White, I. R., & Jones, P. B. (2021). Mindfulness-Based Programmes for Mental Health Promotion in Adults in Nonclinical Settings: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials. PLoS Medicine, 18, e1003481. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003481
Galante, J., Stochl, J., Dufour, G., Vainre, M., Wagner, A. P., & Jones, P. B. (2020). Effectiveness of Providing University Students with a Mindfulness-Based Intervention to Increase Resilience to Stress: 1-Year Follow-Up of a Pragmatic Randomised Controlled Trial. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 75, 151-160. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2020-214390
Garland, E. L., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2019). Positive Psychological States in the Arc from Mindfulness to Self-Transcendence: Extensions of the Mindfulness-to-Meaning Theory and Applications to Addiction and Chronic Pain Treatment. Current Opinion in Psychology, 28, 184-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.01.004
Garland, E. L., Farb, N. A., Goldin, P. R., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2015). The Mindfulness-to-Meaning Theory: Extensions, Applications, and Challenges at the Attention-Appraisal-Emotion Interface. Psychological Inquiry, 26, 377-387. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2015.1092493
Geller, S. M. (2003). Becoming Whole: A Collaboration between Experiential Psychotherapies and Mindfulness Meditation. Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies, 2, 258-273. https://doi.org/10.1080/14779757.2003.9688319
Gold, E., & Zahm, S. (2008). Gestalt Therapy. In M. Hersen, & A. Gross (Eds.), Handbook of Clinical Psychology, Volume 1: Adults (pp. 585-616). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gold, E., & Zahm, S. (2018). Buddhist Psychology & Gestalt Therapy Integrated: Psychotherapy for the 21st Century. Metta Press.
Gold, E., & Zahm, S. (2020). Buddhist Psychology Informed Gestalt Therapy for Challenging Times. The Humanistic Psychologist, 48, 373-377. https://doi.org/10.1037/hum0000213
Gold, E., & Zahm, S. (2022). Embodied Relational Presence in Buddhist Psychology Informed Gestalt Therapy. In P. Cole (Ed.), The Relational Heart of Gestalt Therapy (pp. 187-200). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003255772-18
Goldberg, S. B. (2018). Why Mindfulness Belongs in Counseling Psychology: A Synergistic Clinical and Research Agenda. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 31, 317-335. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2017.1314250
Greenberg, L. S. (2016). Preface. In J. Roubal (Ed.), Towards a Research Tradition in Gestalt Therapy (pp. 1-15). Cambridge Scholars Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110494129-002
Gu, J., Strauss, C., Bond, R., & Cavanagh, K. (2015). How Do Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy and Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Improve Mental Health and Well-being? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Mediation Studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 37, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.01.006
Hanh, T. N. (1975). The Miracle of Mindfulness. An Introduction to the Practice of Meditation. Beacon Press.
Ie, A., Ngnoumen, C. T., & Langer, E. J. (2014). Origins and Theory. In A. Ie, C. T. Ngnoumen, & E. J. Langer (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Mindfulness (Vols. 1-2, pp. 1-5). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118294895.part1
Kabat-Zinn, J. (1994). Wherever You Go, There You Are: Mindfulness Meditation in Everyday Life. Hyperion.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Context: Past, Present, and Future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 144-156. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bpg016
Kabat-Zinn, J., & Davidson, R. (2015). L’esprit est son propre médecin. Le dialogue de la méditation et de la science. J’AI LU.
Karakasidou, E., Pezirkianidis, C., Stalikas, A., & Galanakis, M. (2016). Standardization of the Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS) in a Greek Sample. Psychology, 7, 1753-1765. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2016.714164
Keng, S. L., Smoski, M. J., & Robins, C. J. (2011). Effects of Mindfulness on Psychological Health: A Review of Empirical Studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 1041-1056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.04.006
Kennedy, K., & Tang, M. (2009). Beyond Two Chairs: Why Gestalt Psychotherapy? Clinical Psychology Forum, 194, 22-25. https://doi.org/10.53841/bpscpf.2009.1.194.22
Khor, S. H. (2019). The Tranformative Breath of Universal Perichoresis—Reawakening of Primordial Experience in Contemplative Gestalt Group Therapy. Dissertation, Sophia University Institute.
Khoury, B., Sharma, M., Rush, S. E., & Fournier, C. (2015). Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Healthy Individuals: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 78, 519-528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.03.009
Kiken, L. G., & Shook, N. J. (2012). Mindfulness and Emotional Distress: The Role of Negatively Biased Cognition. Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 329-333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.10.031
Kok, B. E., Coffey, K. A., Cohn, M. A., Catalino, L. I., Vacharkulksemsuk, T., Algoe, S. B., Brantley, M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2013). How Positive Emotions Build Physical Health: Perceived Positive Social Connections Account for the Upward Spiral between Positive Emotions and Vagal Tone. Psychological Science, 24, 1123-1132. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612470827
Kok, B. E., Waugh, C. E., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2013). Meditation and Health: The Search for Mechanisms of Action. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7, 27-39. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12006
Leung, G. S. M., & Khor, S. H. (2017). Gestalt Intervention Groups for Anxious Parents in Hong Kong: A Quasi-Experimental Design. Journal of Evidence-Informed Social Work, 14, 183-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/23761407.2017.1311814
Lopez, A., Sanderman, R., & Schroevers, M. J. (2016). Mindfulness and Self-Compassion as Unique and Common Predictors of Affect in the General Population. Mindfulness, 7, 1289-1296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0568-y
Lucas, R. E. (2007). Personality and the Pursuit of Happiness. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 1, 168-182. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00009.x
Lyubomirsky, S, & Lepper, H. (1999). A Measure of Subjective Happiness: Preliminary Reliability and Construct Validation. Social Indicators Research, 46, 137-155. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006824100041
Lyubomirsky, Sonja, & Tucker, K. L. (1998). Implications of Individual Differences in Subjective Happiness for Perceiving, Interpreting, and Thinking about Life Events. Motivation and Emotion, 22, 155-186. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021396422190
Lyubomirsky, Sonja, King, L., & Diener, E. (2005). The Benefits of Frequent Positive Affect: Does Happiness Lead to Success? Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803-855. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803
Mace, C. (2007). Mindfulness in Psychotherapy: An Introduction. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 13, 147-154. https://doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.106.002923
Malikiosi-Loizos, M., & Anderson, L. R. (1994). Reliability of a Greek Translation of the Life Satisfaction Index. Psychological Reports, 74, 1319-1322. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1994.74.3c.1319
Mantzios, M., & Wilson, J. C. (2013). Psychometric Properties of the Greek Versions of the Self-Compassion and Mindful Attention and Awareness Scales. Mindfulness, 6, 123-132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-013-0237-3
Marek, V., & Lukes, M. (2018). Development of Mindfulness in Relational Context: Construction and Validation of Relational Mindfulness Training (RMT). Československá Psychologie, 62, 244-257.
Miller, M. K., Finkel, J. P., Marcus, B. N., Burgin, E., Prosek, E. A., Crace, R. K., & Bravo, A. J. (2022). Efficacy of a University Offered Mindfulness Training on Perceived Stress. Journal of Counseling and Development, 100, 278-283. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12421
Naranjo, C. (1978). Gestalt Therapy as a Transpersonal Approach. Gestalt Journal, 1, 75-81.
O’Driscoll, M., Byrne, S., Mc Gillicuddy, A., Lambert, S., & Sahm, L. J. (2017). The Effects of Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Health and Social Care Undergraduate Students—A Systematic Review of the Literature. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 22, 851-865. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2017.1280178
Öztürk, A. G. (2019). Gestalt Group Practice for Increasing Awareness of University Students. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 6, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.17220/ijpes.2019.03.001
Öztürk, A. G., & Yüksel, M. Y. (2015). The Effect of Gestalt-Based Group Practice on University Students’ Contact Styles and Awareness Levels. Journal of Educational and Instructional Studies in the World, 5, 47-59.
Paschali, A., & Tsitsas, G. (2010). Stress and Life Satisfaction among University Students—A Pilot Study. Annals of General Psychiatry, 9, 9-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-859X-9-S1-S96
Perls, F. S. (1973). The Gestalt Approach and Eye Witness to Therapy. Bantam Books.
Perls, F., Hefferline, R., & Goodman, P. (1951). Gestalt Therapy. Excitement and Growth in the Human Personality. Julian Press.
Raffagnino, R. (2019). Gestalt Therapy Effectiveness: A Systematic Review of Empirical Evidence. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 7, 66-83. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2019.76005
Regehr, C., Glancy, D., & Pitts, A. (2013). Interventions to Reduce Stress in University Students: A Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 148, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.11.026
Rosky, C. J., Roberts, R. L., Hanley, A. W., & Garland, E. L. (2022). Mindful Lawyering: A Pilot Study on Mindfulness Training for Law Students. Mindfulness, 13, 2347-2356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-022-01965-w
Roubal, J., Brownell, P., Francesetti, G., & Djoric, J. Z. (2016). Bridging Practice and Research in Gestalt Therapy. In J. Roubal (Ed.), Towards a Research Tradition in Gestalt Therapy (pp. 1-15). Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Ryan, R. M., & Brown, K. W. (2003). Why We Don’t Need Self-Esteem: On Fundamental Needs, Contingent Love, and Mindfulness. Psychological Inquiry, 14, 71-76.
Sari, T., & Tagay, Ö. (2016). Examining the Role of Attachment Dimensions and Contact Disturbances in Predicting Irrational Romantic Relationship Beliefs of University Students. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education, 6, 160-172.
Schumer, M., Lindsay, E., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Brief Mindfulness Training for Negative Affectivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 86, 569-583. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000324
Segal, Z., Williams, J. M. G., Teasdale, J., & Kabat-Zinn, J. (2007). The Mindful Way through Depression. The Guilford Press.
Segall, S. R. (2005). Mindfulness and Self-Development in Psychotherapy. Journal of Trans-personal Psychology, 37, 143-163.
Shapiro, S. L., Brown, K. W., & Astin, J. (2011). Toward the Integration of Meditation into Higher Education: A Review of Research. Teachers College Record, 113, 493-528. https://doi.org/10.1177/016146811111300306
Shapiro, S. L., Schwartz, G. E., & Bonner, G. (1998). Effects of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction on Medical and Premedical Students. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 21, 581-599. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018700829825
Siegel, R. D. (2018). Aware: The Science and the Practice of Presence: The Groundbreaking Meditation Practice. TarcherPERIGEE.
Skottun, G., & Krüger, Å. (2022). Gestalt Therapy Practice: Theory and Experiential Learning. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003153856
Spagnuolo Lobb, M. (2013). The Now-for-Next in Psychotherapy. Gestalt Therapy Recounted in Post-Modern Society. Istituto di Gestalt HCC Italy Publ. Co. https://doi.org/10.3917/gest.ns01.0025
Surrey, J. L. (2005). Relational Psychotherapy, Relational Mindfulness. In C. K. Germer, R. D. Siegel, & P. R. Fulton (Eds.), Mindfulness and Psychotherapy (pp. 91-110). Guilford Press.
Tomlinson, E. R., Yousaf, O., Vittersø, A. D., & Jones, L. (2018). Dispositional Mindfulness and Psychological Health: A Systematic Review. Mindfulness, 9, 23-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0762-6
Truscott, D. (2010). Becoming an Effective Psychotherapist: Adopting a Theory of Psychotherapy That’s Right for You and Your Client. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/12064-000
Tsitsas, G., Nanopoulos, P., & Paschali, A. (2019). Life Satisfaction, and Anxiety Levels among University Students. Creative Education, 10, 947-961. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2019.105071
UNESCO. (2013). Youth Matters: Equipping Vulnerable Young People with Literacy and Life Skills. UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning Policy Brief 2. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000223022
Van Gordon, W., Shonin, E., Sumich, A., Sundin, E. C., & Griffiths, M. D. (2014). Meditation Awareness Training (MAT) for Psychological Well-Being in a Sub-Clinical Sample of University Students: A Controlled Pilot Study. Mindfulness, 5, 381-391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-012-0191-5
Vasudevan, S., & Reddy, J. K. (2018). Mindfulness as the Key to Well-Being: A Review of Literature. The International Journal of Emotional Education, 6, 186-192. https://doi.org/10.25215/0603.040
Vela, J. C., Lerma, E., & Ikonomopoulos, J. (2017). Evaluation of the Life Satisfaction and Subjective Happiness Scales with Mexican American High School and College Students. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 39, 34-45. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739986316681298
Walsh, R., & Shapiro, S. L. (2006). The Meeting of Meditative Disciplines and Western Psychology: A Mutually Enriching Dialogue. American Psychologist, 61, 227-239. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.61.3.227
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and Validation of Brief Measures of Positive and Negative Affect: The PANAS Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
Wheeler, G., & Axelsson, L. (2015). Gestalt Therapy. American Psychological Association Inc. https://doi.org/10.1037/14527-000
Williams, L. (2006). Spirituality and Gestalt: A Gestalt-Transpersonal Perspective. Gestalt Review, 10, 6-21. https://doi.org/10.5325/gestaltreview.10.1.0006
Wingert, J. R., Jones, J. C., Swoap, R. A., & Wingert, H. M. (2020). Mindfulness-Based Strengths Practice Improves Well-Being and Retention in Undergraduates: A Preliminary Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of American College Health, 70, 783-790. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2020.1764005
Winzer, R., Lindberg, L., Guldbrandsson, K., & Sidorchuk, A. (2018). Effects of Mental Health Interventions for Students in Higher Education Are Sustainable over Time: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. PeerJ, 6, e4598. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4598
Wollants, G. (2012). Gestalt Therapy: Therapy of Situation. Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446250976
Xiong, Y., Prasath, P. R., Zhang, Q., & Jeon, L. (2022). A Mindfulness-Based Well-Being Group for International Students in Higher Education: A Pilot Study. Journal of Counseling and Development, 100, 374-385. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12432
Yalom, I., & Leszcs, M. (2005). The Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy. Basic Books.
Yontef, G. (1993). Awareness, Dialogue and Process. Gestalt Journal Press.
Yontef, G., & Fuhr, R. (2005). Gestalt Therapy Theory of Change. In A. L. Woldt, & S. M. Toman (Eds.), Gestalt Therapy: History, Theory, and Practice (pp. 81-100). Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452225661.n5
Yontef, G., & Jacobs, L. (2005). Gestalt Therapy. In D. Wedding, & R. Corsini (Eds.), Current Psychotherapies (pp. 229-336). Brooks/Cole.
Zhang, C. (2019). On the Similarities between Humanistic Psychology and Basic Concepts of Buddhism from the Perspective of “Gestalt”. In A. Mo, & D. Laxmi Narasimha (Eds.), 2019 7th International Education, Economics, Social Science, Arts, Sports and Management Engineering Conference (pp. 2021-2027).
Zhang, D., Lee, E. K. P., Mak, E. C. W., Ho, C. Y., & Wong, S. Y. S. (2021). Mindfulness-Based Interventions: An Overall Review. British Medical Bulletin, 138, 41-57. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldab005