Exercise Frequency, High Activation Positive Affect, and Psychological Well-Being: Beyond Age, Gender, and Occupation — Oak Academic Publishing
Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
Exercise Frequency, High Activation Positive Affect, and Psychological Well-Being: Beyond Age, Gender, and Occupation
Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Forensic Psychiatry,The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
,
Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
,
Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
,
Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
1 Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Forensic Psychiatry,The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
2 Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
3 Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
4 Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Regular physical exercise contributes to marked reductions in psychosocial stress, the enhancing of posi- tive affect and well-being. However, affect can be measured as high (e.g., engaged) or low (e.g., content) activation affect. To ascertain further these interactions, we examined the relationship between exercise frequency (i.e., how often an individual engages in physical activities) and affect and Psychological Well-Being (PWB). We investigate this relationship in the context of individuals’ gender, age, psycho- somatic symptoms (i.e., headaches, pain in shoulders, neck or other parts of the body), sleeping problems, smoking habits, and Body Mass Index (BMI). Moreover, we also investigate if the relationship between exercise frequency and affect differs depending on the dimension of affect (low or high activation). In Study 1 ( N = 635), 2 ( N = 311), and 3 ( N = 135) high activation positive affect (PA) predicted frequently exercising, while high activation negative affect (NA) predicted being less physically active. Moreover, high activation PA was negatively related to smoking habits and to how often the participant had sleeping problems. Finally, the relationship between frequently exercising and high activation affect was still pre- sent when controlling for age, occupation and gender. Moreover, in Study 2, high activation PA remained strongly related to exercise frequency even when we controlled for BMI. In Study 3, frequent physical ac- tivity was also related to PWB. In Study 4, participants ( N = 150) self-reported low activation affect. All findings in regard to exercise frequency were replicated, with the exception of the relationship to affect. Psychological resources (i.e., PWB), the frequent experience of PA, together with the infrequent experi- ence of NA may provide for the facilitation of an exercise regime and healthy behavior. Thus, regular physical exercise remains as a health-ensuring necessity over age, gender, and occupation. Nevertheless, high activation positive affect should be in focus.
Andersson-Arntén, A. C. (2009). Partnership relation quality modulates the effects of work-stress on health. Doctoral Dissertation, Go- thenburg: Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg.
Andersson-Arntén, A. C., Jansson, B., & Archer, T. (2008). Influence of affective personality type and gender upon coping behavior, mood and stress. Individual Differences Research, 6, 139-168.
Annesi, J. J. (2010). Relations of changes in self-regulatory efficacy and physical self-concept with improvements in body satisfaction in obese women initiating exercise with cognitive-behavioral support. Body Image, 7, 356-359. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2010.05.001
Archer, T., Adolfsson, B., & Karlsson, E. (2008). Affective personality as cognitive-emotional presymptom profiles regulatory for self-re- ported health predispositions. Neurotoxicity Research, 14, 1-25. doi:10.1007/BF03033573
Archer, T., Adrianson, L., Plancak, A., & Karlsson, E. (2007). Influence of affective personality on cognition-mediated emotional processing: need for empowerment. European Journal of Psychiatry, 21, 248-262. doi:10.4321/S0213-61632007000400002
Arciero, P. J., & Ormsbee, M. J. (2009). Relationship of blood pressure, behavioral mood state, and physical activity following caffeine ingestion in younger and older women. Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism, 34, 754-762. doi:10.1139/H09-068
Baldwin, R. C. (2010). Preventing late-life depression: A clinical update. International Psychogeriatrics, 1, 1-9.
Barnes, R. T., Coombes, S. A., Armstrong, N. B., Higgins, T. J., & Janelle, C. M. (2010). Evaluating attentional and affective changes following an acute exercise bout using a modified dot-probe protocol. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28, 1065-1076. doi:10.1080/02640414.2010.489196
Bildt, C., & Michélsen, H. (2002). Gender differences in the effects from working conditions on mental health: A 4-year follow-up. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 75, 252-258.
Bildt, C., & Michélsen, H. (2003). Occupational conditions exceed the importance of non-occupational conditions and ill health in explaining future unemployment among women and men. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 6, 115-126. doi:10.1007/s00737-002-0177-8
Broman-Fulks, J. J., & Storey, K. M. (2008). Evaluation of a brief aerobic exercise intervention for high anxiety sensitivity. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 21, 117-128. doi:10.1080/10615800701762675
Psychosomatic Symptoms
Clarke, P. J., Marshall, V. M., Ryff, C. D., & Wheaton, B. (2001). Measuring psychological well-being in the Canadian study of health and aging. International Psychogeriatrics, 13, 79-90. doi:10.1017/S1041610202008013
Clark, C. L., & Watson, D. (1991). Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 316-336. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.100.3.316
Deci, E. L., & Flaste, R. (1996). Why we do what we do: Understanding self-motivation. London: Penguin Books.
Delisle, T. T., Werch, C. E., Wong, A. H., Bian, H., & Weiler, R. (2010). Relationship between frequency and intensity of physical activity and health behaviors of adolescents. Journal of School Health, 80, 134-140. doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2009.00477.x
Diener, E., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2008). Happiness: Unlocking the my- steries of psychological wealth. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
Dishman, R. K., Hales, D. P., Pfeiffer, K. A., Felton, G. A., Saunders, R., Ward, D. S., Dowda, M., & Pate, R. R. (2006). Physical self- concept and self-esteem mediate cross-sectional relations of physical activity and sport participation with depression symptoms among adolescent girls. Health Psychology, 25, 396-407. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.25.3.396
Dijksterhuis, A., & Aarts, H. (2003). On wildebeests and humans: The preferential detection of negative stimuli. Psychological Science, 14, 14-18. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.t01-1-01412
Fredrickson, B. L. (2006). The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. In M. Csikszentmihalyi, & I. S. Csikszentmihalyi (Eds), A life worth living: Contributions to positive psychology (pp. 85-103). New York: Oxford University Press.
Fredrickson, B. L., & Branigan, C. (2005). Positive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought-action repertoires. Cognition and Emotion, 19, 313-332. doi:10.1080/02699930441000238
Garcia, D. (2011a). Adolescents’ Happiness: The role of the affective temperament model on memory and apprehension of events, subjective well-being, and psychological well-being. Doctoral Dissertation, Gothenburg: Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg.
Garcia, D. (2011b). The affective temperaments: Differences between adolescents in the big five model and cloninger’s psychobiological model of personality. Journal of Happiness Studies. doi:10.1007/s10902-011-9303-5
Garcia, D. (2011c). Two models of personality and well-being among adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 1208-1212. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.02.009
Garcia, D. (2012a). Interpretation and recognition for words in a short story (IRWSS) [Database record]. American Psychological Association’s PsycTESTS?.
Garcia, D. (2012b). The affective temperaments and self-acceptance: adolescents’ life satisfaction and psychological well-being. In M. Vassar (Ed.), The psychology of life satisfaction. New York: Nova Science Publishers.
Garcia, D., & Archer, T. (2012). Adolescent life satisfaction and well-being. Journal of Alternative Medicine Research. In press.
Garcia, D., & Erlandsson, A. (2011). The relationship between personality and subjective well-being: different association patterns when measuring the affective component in frequency and intensity. Journal of Happiness Studies, 12, 1023-1034. doi:10.1007/s10902-010-9242-6
Garcia, D., Ghiabi, B., Moradi, S., Siddiqui, A., & Archer, T. (2012). The happy personality: A tale of two philosophies. In N. G.-C. Vassar (Ed.), Psychology of personality. New York: Nova Science Publishers.
Garcia, D., & Moradi, S. (2011). Adolescents’ temperament and character: A longitudinal study on happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies. doi:10.1007/s10902-011-9303-5
Garcia, D., Rosenberg, P., Erlandsson, A., & Siddiqui, A. (2010). On lions and adolescents: Affective temperaments and the influence of negative stimuli on memory. Journal of Happiness Studies, 11, 477-495. doi:10.1007/s10902-009-9153-6
Garcia, D., & Siddiqui, A. (2009a). Adolescents’ affective temperaments: Life satisfaction, interpretation and memory of events. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4, 155-167. doi:10.1080/17439760802399349
Garcia, D., & Siddiqui, A. (2009b). Adolescents’ psychological well-being and memory for life events: influences on life satisfaction with respect to temperamental dispositions. Journal of Happiness Studies, 10, 387-503. doi:10.1007/s10902-008-9096-3
Hurrell, J. J., & Maclancy, M. A. (1988). Exposure to job stress: A new psychometric instrument. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, 14, 27-28.
Janisse, H. C., Nedd, D., Escamille, S., & Nies, M. A. (2004). Physical activity, social support, and family structure as determinants of mood among European-American and African-American women. Women’s Health, 39, 101-116. doi:10.1300/J013v39n01_06
Karlsson, E., & Archer, T. (2007). Relationship between personality characteristics and affect: Gender and affective personality. Individual Differences Research, 5, 44-58.
Kurth, T., Moore, S. C., Gaziano, J. M., Kase, C. S., Stampfer, M. J., Berger, K., & Buring, J. E. (2006). Healthy lifestyle and the risk of stroke in women. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166, 1403-1409. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.13.1403
Larsen, R. J., & Diener, E. (1992). Promises and problems with the circumplex model of emotion. In M. S. Clark (Ed.), Emotion: Review of personality and social psychology (pp. 25-59). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Larsen, R. J., & Ketelaar, T. (1991). Personality and susceptibility to positive and negative emotional states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 132-140. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.1.132
MacLeod, A., & Moore, R. (2000). Positive thinking revised: Positive cognitions, well-being and mental health. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 7, 1-10. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0879(200002)7:1 3.0.CO;2-S
Michelsen, H., & Bildt, C. (2003). Psychosocial conditions on and off the job and psychological illhealth: Depressive symptoms, impaired psychological wellbeing, heavy consumption of alcohol. Occupational Environmental Medicine, 60, 489-496. doi:10.1136/oem.60.7.489
Morris, M., & Schoo, A. (2004). Optimizing exercise and physical activity in older adults. Edinburgh: Butterworth Heinemann.
Nishikitani, M., Nakao, M., Karita, K., Nomura, K., & Yano, E. (2005). Influence of overtime work, sleep duration, and perceived job characteristics on the physical and mental status of software engineers. Industrial Health, 43, 623-629. doi:10.2486/indhealth.43.623
Norlander, T., Bood, S. ?., & Archer, T. (2002). Performance during stress: Affective personality, age and regularity of physical exercise. Social Behavior and Personality, 30, 495-508. doi:10.2224/sbp.2002.30.5.495
Norris, R., Carroll, D., & Cochrane, R. (1992). The effects of physical activity and exercise training on psychological stress and well-being in an adolescent population. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 36, 55-65. doi:10.1016/0022-3999(92)90114-H
Palomo, T., Beninger, R. J., Kostrzewa, R. M., & Archer, T. (2008a). Focusing on symptoms rather than diagnoses in brain dysfunction: conscious and nonconscious expression in impulsiveness and decision-making. Neurotoxicity Research, 14, 1-20. doi:10.1007/BF03033572
Palomo, T., Beninger, R. J., Kostrzewa, R. M., & Archer, T. (2008b). Affective status in relation to impulsiveness, motor and motivational symptoms: Personality, development and physical exercise. Neurotoxicity Research, 14, 151-168. doi:10.1007/BF03033807
Palomo, T., Kostrzewa, R. M., Beninger, R. J., & Archer, T. (2007). Treatment consideration and manifest complexity in comorbid neuropsychiatric disorders. Neurotoxicity Research, 12, 43-60. doi:10.1007/BF03033900
Raudsepp, L., Viira, R., & Hannus, A. (2010). Prediction of physical activity intention and behavior in a longitudinal sample of adolescent girls. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 110, 3-18. doi:10.2466/pms.110.1.3-18
Rees, D. I., & Sabia, J. J. (2010). Exercise and adolescent mental health: New evidence from longitudinal data. The Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics, 13, 13-25.
Rothon, C., Edwards, P., Bhui, K., Viner, R. M., Taylor, S., & Stansfeld, S. A. (2010). Physical activity and depressive symptoms in adolescents: A prospective study. BMC Medicine, 8, 32. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-8-32
Russell, J. A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 1161-1178. doi:10.1037/h0077714
Rusell, J. A., & Carroll, J. M. (1999). On the bipolarity of positive and negative affect. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 3-30. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.1.3
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141-166. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069-1081. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069
Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. (1998). The contours of positive human health. Psychological Inquiry, 9, 2-28. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0901_1
Schimmack, U. (2007). Methodological issues in the assessment of the affective component of subjective well-being. In A. D. Ong, & M. H. M. Van Dulmen (Eds.), Oxford handbook of methods in positive psychology (pp. 96-110). New York: Oxford University Press.
Sj?gren, T., Nissinen, K. J., J?rvenp??, S. K., Ojanen, M. T., Vanharanta, H., & M?lki?, E. A. (2006). Effects of a physical exercise intervention on subjective physical well-being, psychosocial functioning and general well-being among office workers: A cluster randomized-controlled cross-over design. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 16, 381-390. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2005.00516.x
Smith, P. J., Blumenthal, J. A., Babyak, M. A., Georgiades, A., Hinderliter, A., & Sherwood, A. (2007). Effects of exercise and weight loss on depressive symptoms among men and women with hypertension. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 63, 463-469. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.05.011
Takada, M., Suzuki, A., Shima, S., Inoue, K., Kazukawa, S., & Hojoh, M. (2009). Associations between lifestyle factors, working environment, depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation: a large-scale study in Japan. Industrial Health, 47, 649-655. doi:10.2486/indhealth.47.649
Tennant, C. (2001). Work-related stress and depressive disorders. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 51, 697-704. doi:10.1016/S0022-3999(01)00255-0
Tugade, M. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional activation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 320-333. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.320
Tsang, H. W., Chan, E. P., & Cheung, W. M. (2008). Effects of mindful and non-mindful exercises on people with depression: A systematic review. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 47, 303-322. doi:10.1348/014466508X279260
Urry, H. L., Nitschke, J. B., Dolski, I., Jackson, D. C., Dalton, K. M., Mueller, C. J., Rosenkranz, M. A., Ryff, C. D., Singer, B. H., & Davidson, R. J. (2004). Making life worth living: Neural correlates of well-being. Psychological Science, 15, 367-372. doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00686.x
Von Thiele Schwarz, U., Lindfors, P., & Lundberg, U. (2008). Health-related effects of worksite interventions involving physical exercise and reduced workhours. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, 34, 179-188. doi:10.5271/sjweh.1227
Wang, C., Bannuru, R., Ramel, J., Kupelnick, B., Scott, T., & Schmid, C. H. (2010). Tai chi and psychological well-being: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Complementary and Alternative Me- dicine, 10, 23-39. doi:10.1186/1472-6882-10-23
Watson, D., & Clark, L. (1988). Positive and negative affectivity and the relation to anxiety and depressive disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 346-353. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.97.3.346
Watson, D., & Tellegen, A. (1985). Toward a consensual structure of mood. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 219-235. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.219
Watson, D., Pennebaker, J. W., & Folger, R. (1986). Beyond negative affectivity: Measuring stress and satisfaction in the workplace. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 8, 141-157. doi:10.1300/J075v08n02_09
Watson, D., Carey, L. A., & Carey, G. (1988a). Positive and negative affectivity and their relation to anxiety and depressive disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 346-353. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.97.3.346
Watson, D., Clark, L., & Tellegen, A. (1988b). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
Z?ller, M. E., & Archer, T. (2009). Predicting stress in male and female psychiatric patients and healthy volunteers. Social Behavior and Personality, 37, 1081-1094. doi:10.2224/sbp.2009.37.8.1081
Z?ller, M. E., Karlsson, E., & Archer, T. (2009). Self-rated affect among adults presenting psychiatric diagnosis. Individual Differences Research, 7, 14-28.