Objective: This study had objectives as the construction and validation of an instrument to assess the factors associated to the formation of gender identity considering the role of toys and childish games, easily applicable and possible to be used in a wide range of contexts with children aged from 4 to 6 years old. Method: The Gender Apperception Test (GAT—originally TAG in BR-Portuguese), formed by 51 items, was applied in 303 children (171 boys and 132 girls) from public and private schools. Results: The internal consistency of the items was very satisfactory presented in Cronbach’s Alphas of 0.92. Conclusions: GAT’s psychometric parameters were satisfactory, indicating that this is an alternative way for empirical investigations and applied works in different institutions, capable of guiding measures intended to assess and keep up with the development of children’s gender identity concept.
KeywordsGender IdentityToys and GamesChildren Evaluation
Alexander, G. M., & Hines, M. (2002). Sex differences in response to children’s toys in nonhuman primates (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus). Evolution and Human Behavior, 23, 467-479. http://biososial.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Alexander-Hines-2002.pdf http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1090-5138(02)00107-1
Beraldo, K. E. A. (1993). Gênero de brincadeiras na percepcao de criancas de 5 a 10 anos [Gender of plays in 5 - 10 years old children’s perception.] Sao Paulo, SP: IPUSP.
Bichara, I. D. (1994). Um estudo etológico da brincadeira de faz-deconta em criancas de 3 - 7 anos [An ethological study of play of pretending in 3 - 7 years old children.] Unpublished Doctoral’s dissertation, Sao Paulo: University of Sao Paulo.
Carvalho, A. M. A. (1989). Brincar juntos: Natureza e funcao da interacao entre criancas [Playing together: Nature and function of interaction among children.] In C. Aides (Ed.), Etiologia de animais e de homens/Human and animal Ethology (pp. 199-210). Sao Paulo: Edicon/EDUSP.
Coll, C., Marchesi, A., & Palácios, J. (2009). Desenvolvimento psicológico e educacao: Psicologia Evolutiva [Psychological development and education: Evolutionary Psychology.] Porto Alegre: Artmed.
Cordazzo, S. T. D., Martins, G. D. F., Macarini, S. M. and Vieira, M. L. (2007). Perspectivas no estudo do brincar: Um levantamento bibliográfico [Perspectives in the study of play: A bibliographical survey.] Aletheia, 26, 122-136. http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/pdf/aletheia/n26/n26a11.pdf
Cordazzo, S. T. D., & Vieira, M. L. (2007). A brincadeira e suas implicacoes nos processos de aprendizagem e de desenvolvimento [The play and its consequences in development and learning processes.] Estudos e pesquisas em Psicologia, 1, 89-101. http://www.revispsi.uerj.br/v7n1/artigos/pdf/v7n1a09.pdf
Cordazzo, S. T. D., Westphal, J. P., Tagliari, F. B., Vieira, M. L., & Oliveira, A. M. F. (2008). Metodologia observacional para o estudo do brincar na escola [Observational metodology to study the play in the school.] Avaliacao Psicológica, 7, 427-438. http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/pdf/avp/v7n3/v7n3a14.pdf
Delgado, A. C. C. (2003). Culturas infantis e dimensoes da socializacao no cotidiano de uma creche domiciliar [Children cultures and dimensions of socialization in the routine of a home day care.] Caderno de Educacao, 21, 101-118. http://periodicos.ufpel.edu.br/ojs2/index.php/caduc/index
Galvao, M. (2005). Análise quantitativa de riscos com simulacao de Monte Carlo [Quantitative analysis of risks with Monte Carlo’s simulation.] www.mundopm.com.br/download/montecarlo.pdf
Gobbi, M. A. (1996). Lápis vermelho é de mulherzinha: Desenho infantil, relacoes de gênero e educacao infantil. [Red pencil is for girls: Infantile drawing, gender relations and infantile education.] Master’s Thesis, Campinas (SP): Unicamp.
Groos, K. (1976). The play of animals: Play and instinct. In J. S. Bruner, A. Jolly, & K. Sylva (Eds.), Play. Its role in development and evolution (pp. 65-67). Middlesex: Penguin Books.
Hair Júnior, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (2005). Análise multivariada de dados [Multivariate analysis of data.] Porto Alegre: Bookman.
Hansen, Macarini, Martins et al. (2007). O brincar e suas implicacoes para o desenvolvimento infantil a partir da Psicologia Evolucionista [The play behaviour and its implications for child development according to evolutionary psychology.] Revista Brasileira de Crescimento e Desenvolvimento humano, 17, 133-143. http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/pdf/rbcdh/v17n2/14.pdf
Kagan, G. et al. (1977). Introducao: Algumas perspectivas históricas [Introduction: Some historical perspectives.] In: Desenvolvimento e personalidade da crianca (pp. 1-10). Sao Paulo: Harper e Row do Brasil.
Kalos, M. H., & Whitlock, P. A. (1986). Monte carlo methods: Basics. New York: Wiley-Interscience Publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527617395
Kishimoto, T. M. (1988). O brincar e suas teorias [The play and its theories.] Sao Paulo: Pioneira.
Maccoby, E. (1988). Gender as a social category. Developmental Psychology, 24, 755-765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.24.6.755
Morais, M. L. S., & Otta, E. (2003). Entre a serra e o mar [Between the sierra and the sea]. In A. M. A. Carvalho, C. M. C. Magalhaes, F. A. R. Pontes, & I. D. Bichara (Eds.), Brincadeira e cultura: Viajando pelo Brasil que brinca (pp. 127-157). Sao Paulo: Casa do Psicólogo.
Morais, M. L. S. (2004). Conflitos e(m) brincadeiras infantis: Diferencas culturais e de gênero [Conflicts in children’s play: Cultural and gender differences.] Doctoral Dissertation, Sao Paulo (SP): University of Sao Paulo.
Oliveira, L. D. B., Vieira, M. L., & Cordazzo, S. T. D. (2008). “Brincar” como agente promotor de saúde no desenvolvimento infantil [“The play” as promotional agent of health in the child development.] Revista de Ciências Humanas, 42, 193-215. https://periodicos.ufsc.br/index.php/revistacfh/article/view/2178-4582.2008v42n1-2p193/13335 http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2178-4582.2008v42n1-2p193
Otta, E., Ribeiro, F. L., & Bussab, V. S. R. (2003). Inato versus adquirido: A persistência da dicotomia [Innate vs. Acquired: The persistence of the dichotomy.] Revista de Ciências Humanas, 34, 283-311. https://periodicos.ufsc.br/index.php/revistacfh/article/view/25381/22302
Pasquali, L. (2005). Análise fatorial para pesquisadores [Factorial analysis for researchers]. Brasília: LabPam.
Pasquali, L. (2003). Psicometria: Teoria dos testes na psicologia e na Educacao [Psychometry: Test’s theory in Psychology and Education.] Petrópolis, RJ: Vozes.
Pasquali, L., & Primi, R. (2003). Fundamentos da teoria de resposta ao item—TRI [Basic theory of Item Response Theory—IRT]. Avaliacao Psicológica, 2, 99-110. http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/pdf/avp/v2n2/v2n2a02.pdf
Papalia, D. E., & Olds, S. W. (1998). O mundo da crianca [The child’s world.] Sao Paulo: Markon Brooks.
Pellegrini, A. D., & Smith, P. K. (1998). The development of play during childhood: Forms and possible functions. Child Psychology & Psychiatry Review, 3, 51-57. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475-3588.00212/pdf http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1360641798001476
Pontes, F. A. R., Magalhaes, C. M. C., & Martin, W. L. B. (2008). Preferência de criancas no brinquedo de miriti: A influência do gênero e composicao da díade [Children’s preferences for Miriti toys: The influence of gender and dyad composition.] Revista Brasileira de Crescimento e Desenvolvimento Humano, 18, 170-178. http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/pdf/rbcdh/v18n2/08.pdf
Silva, L. I. C., Pontes, F. A. R., Silva, S. D. B., Magalhaes, C. M. C., & Bichara, I. D. (2006) Diferencas de gêneros nos grupos de brincadeira na rua: A hipótese de aproximacao unilateral [Gender differences in the groups of street play: The hypothesis of unilateral approach.] Psicologia Reflexao Crítica, 19, 114-121. http://www.scielo.br/pdf/prc/v19n1/31300.pdf http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-79722006000100016
Scott, J. W. (1995). Gênero: Uma categoria útil de análise histórica [Gender: A useful category of historical analysis.] Educacao e Realidade, 20, 71-99. https://archive.org/details/scott_gender
Spencer, H. (1966). Principles of biology. The works Herbert Spencer. Osnabrüg: Otto Zeller.
Vygotsky, L. (1991). A formacao social da mente: O Desenvolvimento dos processos psicológicos superiores [The social formation of the mind: The development of superior psychological processes.] Sao Paulo, SP: Martins Fontes.
Vygotsky, L. (1989). O papel do brinquedo no desenvolvimento [The role of toy in human development.] In: M. Cole, V. John-Steiner, S. Scribner, & E. Souberman (Eds.), A formacao social da mente (pp. 105-118). Sao Paulo: Martins Fontes.
Wanderlind, F., Martins, G. D. F., Hansen, J., Macarini, S., & Vieira, M. L. (2006). Diferencas de gênero no brincar de criancas pré-escolares e escolares na brinquedoteca [Gender differences in play of prescholar and scholar’s children at toy-library.] Paideia, 16, 263-273. http://www.scielo.br/pdf/paideia/v16n34/v16n34a14.pdf