The definition, classification and assessment of personality disorders (PDs) have attracted considerable debate for nearly 50 years. This paper attempts a comprehensive review of the instruments to assess all, or specific, individual disorders as described in DSM-5, including structured interviews and inventories. The review should be helpful for clinicians, researchers and also industrial and organizational psychologists, to screen and assess the personality pathology spectrum from subclinical manifestations to full blown personality pathology. A decision tree helpful to choose among the different measures is also provided.
Abdin, E., Koh, K. G., Subramaniam, M., Guo, M. E., Leo, T., Teo, C., Tan, E. E., & Chong, S. A. (2011). Validity of the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4 (PDQ-4+) among Mentally Ill Prison Inmates in Singapore. Journal of Personality Disorders, 25, 834-841. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2011.25.6.834
Akhtar, R., Ahmetoglu, G., & Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2013). Greed Is Good? Assessing the Relationship between Entrepreneurship and Subclinical Psychopathy. Personality and Individual Differences, 54, 420-425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.10.013
American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th., text revision ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Ames, D. R., Rose, P., & Anderson, C. P. (2006). The NPI-16 as a Short Measure of Narcissism. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 440-450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2005.03.002
Arble, E. P. (2008). Evaluating the Psychometric Properties of the Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale: Implications for the Distinction of Covert and Overt Narcissism. Masters Thesis and Doctoral Dissertations, Paper 236.
Ashby, H. U., Lee, R. R., & Duke, E. H. (1979). A Narcissistic Personality Disorder MMPI Scale. Paper presented at the 87th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, New York, NY.
Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. (2009). The HEXACO-60: A Short Measure of the Major Dimensions of Personality. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91, 340-345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223890902935878
Avons, S. E., Nunn, J. A., Chan, L., & Armstrong, H. (2003). Executive Function Assessed by Memory Updating and Random Generation in Schizotypal Individuals. Psychiatry Research, 120, 145-154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1781(03)00174-4
Axelrod, S. R., Grilo, C. M., Sanislow, C., & McGlashan, T. H. (2001). Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-Brief: Factor Structure and Convergent Validity in Inpatient Adolescents. Journal of Personality Disorders, 15, 168-179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi.15.2.168.19219
Babiak, P., & Hare, R. D. (2012). The B-Scan 360 Manual. Manuscript in Preparation.
Bagby, R. (2013). Introduction to Special Issue on the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5). Assessment, 20, 267-268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191113491643
Bastiaansen, L., Rossi, G., & De Fruyt, F. (2012). Comparing a Set of five FFM Personality Disorder Counts. European Journal of Personality, 27, 377-388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.1859
Beck, A. T., & Beck, J. S. (1991). The Personality Belief Questionnaire. Unpublished Assessment Instrument. Bala Cynwyd, PA: The Beck Institute for Cognitive Therapy and Research.
Beck, A. T., & Freeman, A. (1990). Cognitive Therapy of Personality Disorders. New York: Guilford.
Beck, A. T., Butler, A. C., Brown, G. K., Dahlsgaard, K. K., Newman, C. F., & Beck, J. S. (2001). Dysfunctional Beliefs Discriminate Personality Disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 1213-1225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00099-1
Benjamin, L. S. (1996). Interpersonal Diagnosis and Treatment of Personality Disorders (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.
Ben-Porath, Y., Hostetler, K., Butcher, J., & Graham, J. (1989). MMPI-2 Si1-3: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Social Introversion Subscales 1-3. In J. R. Graham (Ed.), MMPI-2: Assessing Personality and Psychopathology (p. 130). New York: Oxford University Press, Inc.
Bhar, S. S., Beck, A. T., & Butler, A. C. (2011). Beliefs and Personality Disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68, 88-100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20856
Blackburn, R., & Fawcett, D. J. (1999). The Antisocial Personality Questionnaire: An Inventory for Assessing Deviant Traits in Offender Populations. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 15, 14-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//1015-5759.15.1.14
Boone, D. (1998). Internal Consistency Reliability of the Personality Assessment Inventory with Psychiatric Inpatients. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 54, 839-843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199810)54:6 3.0.CO;2-M
Bornstein, R. F., Geiselman, K. J., Eisenhart, E. A., & Languirand, M. A. (2002). Construct Validity of the Relationship Profile Test: Links with Attachment, Identity, Relatedness, and Affect. Assessment, 9, 373-380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191102238195
Bornstein, R. F., Languirand, M. A., Geiselman, K. J., Creighton, J. A., West, M. A., Gallagher, H. A., & Eisenhart, E. A. (2003). Construct Validity of the Relationship Profile Test: A Self-Report Measure of Dependency-Detachment. Journal of Personality Assessment, 80, 64-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/S15327752JPA8001_15
Brinkley, C. A., Schmitt, W. A., Smith, S. S., & Newman, J. P. (2000). Construct Validation of a Self-Report Psychopathy Scale: Does Levenson’s SRPS Measure the Same Construct as Hare’s PCL-R? Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 1021-1038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00178-1
Butler, A. C., Beck, A. T., & Cohen, L. H. (2007). The Personality Belief Questionnaire-Short Form: Development and Preliminary Findings. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 31, 357-370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10608-006-9041-x
Butler, A. C., Brown, G. K., Beck, A. T., & Grisham, J. R. (2002). Assessment of Dysfunctional Beliefs in Borderline Personality Disorder. Behaviour, Research and Therapy, 40, 1231-1234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(02)00031-1
Chmielewski, M., & Watson, D. (2008). Heterogeneous Structure of Schizotypal Personality Disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 364-376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.117.2.364
Chmielewski, M., & Watson, D. (2009). What Is Being Assessed and Why It Matters: The Impact of Transient Error on Trait Research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 186-202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0015618
Clark, L. A. (1993). Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP). Manual for Administration, Scoring, and Interpretation. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Clark, L. A. (2007). Assessment and Diagnosis of Personality Disorder: Perennial Issues and an Emerging Reconceptualization. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 227-257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190200
Clark, L. A., & Harrison, J. A. (2001). Assessment Instruments. In W. J. Livesley (Ed.), Handbook of Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment (p. 277-306). New York: Guilford.
Compton, M. T., Chien, V. H., & Bollini, A. (2007). Psychometric Properties of the Brief Version of the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire in Relatives with Schizophrenia-Spectrum Disorders and Non-Psychotic Control. Schizophrenia Research, 91, 122-131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2006.12.005
Connan, F., Dhokia, R., Haslam, M., Mordant, N., Morgan, G., Pandya, C., & Waller, G. (2009). Personality Disorder Cognitions in the Eating Disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 77-82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.10.010
Coolidge, F. L. (1984). Coolidge Axis II Inventory. U.S. Copyright TXU 182-026, Washington, DC.
Coolidge, F. L. (2001). Personal Communication. Questionnaire and Scoring Key for the Short Coolidge Axis-II Inventory. (Provided by the Author)
Coolidge, F. L., & Merwin, M. M. (1992). Reliability and Validity of the Coolidge Axis II Inventory: A New Inventory for the Assessment of Personality Disorders. Journal of Personality Assessment, 59, 223-238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5902_1
Damen, K. F., De Jong, C. A., & Van der Kroft, P. J. (2004). Interrater Reliability of the Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality in an Opioid-Dependent Patient Sample. European Addiction Research, 3, 99-104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000077697
De Bolle, M., Beyers, W., De Clercq, B., & De Fruyt, F (2012). General Personality and Psychopathology in Referred and Nonreferred Children and Adolescents: An Investigation of Continuity, Pathoplasty, and Complication Models. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121, 958-970. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0027742
De Fruyt, F., De Clercq, B. J., Miller, J. D., Rolland, J.-P., Jung, S. C, Taris, R., Furnham, A., & Van Hiel, A. (2009). Assessing Personality at Risk in Personnel Selection and Development. European Journal of Personality, 23, 51-69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.703
De Fruyt, F., De Clercq, B., De Bolle, M., Wille, B., Markon, K., & Krueger, R. F. (2013a). Positioning a Maladaptive Personality Trait Model for DSM-5 in a Five-Factor Framework in a University Student Sample. Assessment, 20, 295-307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191113475808
De Fruyt, F., Wille, B., & Furnham, A. (2013b). Assessing Aberrant Personality in Managerial Coaching: Measurement Issues and Prevalence Rates across Employment Sectors. European Journal of Personality, 27, 555-564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.1911
Dotlich, D., & Cairo, P (2003). Why CEOs Fail. New York: Jossey Bass.
Eckblad, M., & Chapman, L. (1986). Development and Validation of a Scale for Hypomanic Personality. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 214-222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.95.3.214
Edmundson, M., Lynam, D. R., Miller, J. D., Gore, W. L., & Widiger, T. A. (2011). A Five-Factor Measure of Schizotypal Personality Traits. Assessment, 18, 321-334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191111408228
Emmons, R. A. (1984). Factor Analysis and Construct Validity of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 48, 291-300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4803_11
Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1975). Manual of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
First, M. B., Gibbon, M., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., & Benjamin, L. S. (1997). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders (SCID-II). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc.
First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbion, M., Williams, J. B. W., Davies, M., Borus, J., Howes, M. J., Kane, J., Pope, H. G., & Rounsaville, B. (1995). The Structure Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Personaliy Disorders (SCID-II). Part II: Multisite Test-Retest Reliability Study. Journal of Personality Disorders, 9, 92-104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi.1995.9.2.92
Fountoulakis, K. N.,Oacovides, A., Oiannidou, C., Bascialla, F., Nimatoudis, I., Kaprinis, G., Janca, A., & Dahl, A. (2002). Reliability and Cultural Applicability of the Greek Version of the International Personality Disorders Examination. BMC Psychiatry, 2, 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-2-6
Frick, P. J. (2004). The Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits. Unpublished Rating Scale.
Friedman, J. N. W., Oltmanns, T. F., & Turkheimer, E. (2007). Interpersonal Perception and Personality Disorders. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 667-688. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2006.07.004
Furnham, A., & Taylor, J. (2004). The Dark Side of Behaviour at Work: Understanding and Avoiding Employees Leaving, Thieving and Deceiving. Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230510104
Furnham, A., Trickey, G., & Hyde, G. (2012). Bright Aspects to Dark Side Traits: Dark Side Traits Associated with Work Success. Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 908-913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.01.025
Gebauer, J. E., Sedihides, C., Verplanken, B., & Maio, G. R. (2012) Communal Narcissism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103, 854-878. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0029629
Gibbons, M., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. B., & Benjamin, L. (1997). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders. Washington, DC: APA.
Glover, N., Miller, J. D., Lynam, D. R., Crego, C., & Widiger, T. A. (2012). The Five-Factor Narcissism Inventory: A Five-Factor Measure of Narcissistic Personality Traits. Journal of Personality Assessment, 94, 500-512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2012.670680
Gore, W. L., Presnall, J. R., Miller, J. D., Lynam, D. R., & Widiger, T. A. (2012). A Five-Factor of Dependent Personality Traits. Journal of Personality Assessment, 94, 488-499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2012.670681
Gustavsson, A., Svensson, M., Jacobi, F., Allgulander, C., Alonso, J., Beghi, E. et al. on behalf of the CDBE Study (2012). Corrigendum to “Cost of Disorders of the Brain in Europe 2010” [Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 21 (2011) 718-779]. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 22, 237-238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.01.001
Hare, R. D. (1980). A Research Scale for the Assessment of Psychopathy in Criminal Populations. Personality and Individual Differences, 1, 111-119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(80)90028-8
Hare, R. D., Harpur, T. J., Hakstian, A. R., Forth, A. E., Hart, S. D., & Newman, J. P. (1990). The Revised Psychopathy Checklist: Reliability, and Factor Structure. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2, 338-341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.2.3.338
Hart, S. D., & Hare, R. (1989). Discriminant Validity of the Psychopathy Checklist in a Forensic Psychiatric Population. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82, 211-218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.1.3.211
Hendin, H. M., & Cheek, J. M. (1997). Assessing Hypersensitive Narcissism: A Re-Examination of Murray’s Narcissism Scale. Journal of Research in Personality, 31, 588-599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.1997.2204
Hesse, M., & Moran, P. (2010). Screening for PD with the Standardised Assessment of Personality: Abbreviated Scale (SAPAS): Further Evidence of Concurrent Validity. BMC Psychiatry, 10, 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-10-10
Hirschfeld, R. M. A., Klerman, G. L., Gouch, H. G., Barrett, J., Korchin, S. J., & Chodoff, P. (1977). A Measure of Interpersonal Dependency. Journal of Personality Assessment, 41, 610-618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4106_6
Hogan, R., & Hogan, J. (1992). Hogan Personality Inventory Manual (2nd ed.). Tulsa, OK: Hogan Assessment Systems.
Hogan, R., & Hogan, J. (1997). Hogan Development Survey Manual. Tulsa, OK: Hogan Assessment Systems.
Hoyle, R. H., Stephenson, M. T., Palmgreen, P., Lorch, E. P., & Donohew, R. L. (2002). Reliability and Validity of a Brief Measure of Sensation Seeking. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 401-414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00032-0
Huber, N. M. (2005). Dependent Personality Inventory (DPI): A Scale to Assess Dependent Personality Subtypes Based on DSM-IV-TR Criteria. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Cleveland, OH: Cleveland State University.
Hurt, S. W., Hyler, S. E., Frances, A., Clarkin, J. F., & Brent, R. (1984). Assessing Borderline Personality Disorder with a Self-Report, Clinical Interview or Semi-Structured Interview. American Journal of Psychiatry, 30, 145-153.
Hyler, S. E. (1994). Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4 (PDQ-4). New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute.
Hyler, S. E., & Lyons, M. (1988). Factor Analysis of the DSM-III Personality Disorder Clusters: A Replication. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 29, 304-308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-440X(88)90053-3
Hyler, S. E., & Rieder, R. A. (1987). PDQ-R: Personality Disorder Questionnaire-Revised. New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute.
Hyler, S. E., Rieder, R. A., Williams, J. B. W., Spitzer, R. L., Hendler, J., & Lyons, M. (1988). The Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire: Development and Preliminary Results. Journal of Personality Disorders, 2, 229-237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi.1988.2.3.229
Hyler, S. E., Skodol, A. E., Kellman, H. D., Oldham, J. M., & Rosnick, L. (1990). Validity of the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-Revised: Comparison with Two Structured Interviews. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 1043-1048.
Hyler, S. E., Skodol, A. E., Oldham, J. M., Kellman, H. D., & Doidge, N. (1992). Validity of the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire—Revised: A Replication in an Outpatient Sample. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 33, 73-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-440X(92)90001-7
Jane, J. S., Pagan, J. L., Turkheimer, E., Fiedler, E. R., & Oltmanns, T. F. (2006). The Interrater Reliability of the Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 47, 368-375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2006.01.009
Jones, S. H., Burrell-Hodgson, G., & Tate, G. (2007). Relationships between the Personality Beliefs Questionnaire and Self-Rated Personality Disorders. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46, 247-251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/014466506X164791
Kashdan, T. B., Gallagher, M. W., Silvia, P. J., Winterstein, B. P., Breen, W. E., Terhar, D. et al. (2009). The Curiosity and Exploration Inventory—II: Development, Factor Structure, and Psychometrics. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 987-998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2009.04.011
Kendler, K. S., Lieberman, J. A., & Walsh, D. (1989). The Structure Interview for Schizotypy (SIS): A Preliminary Report. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 15, 559-571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/15.4.559
Kimonis, E. R., Frick, P. J., Munoz, L. C., & Aucoin, K. J. (2008a). Callous-Unemotional Traits and the Emotional Processing of Distress Cues in Detained Boys: Testing the Moderating Role of Aggression, Exposure to Community Violence, and Histories of Abuse. Development and Psychopathology, 20, 569-589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S095457940800028X
Kimonis, E. R., Frick, P. J., Skeem, J. L., Marsee, M. A., Cruise, K., Munoz, L. C., Aucion, K. J., & Morris, A. S. (2008b) Assessing Callous-Unemotional Traits in Adolescent Offenders. International Journal of Law and Psychiayry, 31, 241-252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2008.04.002
Klein, M. H., & Benjamin, L. S. (1996). The Wisconsin Personality Disorders Inventory-IV. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin. (unpublished test, Available from Dr. M. H. Klein, Department of Psychiatry, Wisconsin Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, 6001 Research Park Blvd., Madison, WI 53719-1179)
Klein, M. H., Benjamin, L. S., Rosenfeld, R., Treece, C., Hsted, J., & Greist, J. H. (1993). The Wisconsin Personality Disorders Inventory. I: Development, Reliability, and Validity. Journal of Personality Disorders, Supplement, 18-33.
Kosson, D. S., Blackburn, R., Byrnes, K. A., Park, S., Logan, C., & Donnelly, J. P. (2008). Assessing Interpersonal Aspects of Schizoid Personality Disorder: Preliminary Validation Studies. Journal of Personality Assessment, 90, 185-196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223890701845427
Krueger, R. F., Derringer, J., Markon, K. E., Watson, D., & Skodol, A. E. (2012). Initial Construction of a Maladaptive Personality Trait Model and Inventory for DSM-5. Psychological Medicine, 42, 1879-1890. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291711002674
Kwapil, T. R., Barrantes-Vidal, N., & Silvia, P. J. (2008). The Dimensional Structure of the Wisconsin Schizotypy Scales: Factor Identification and Construct Validity. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34, 444-457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbm098
Langbehn, D. R., Pfohl, B. M., Reynolds, S., Clark, L. A., Battaglia, M., Bellodi, L., Cadoret, R., Grove, W., Pilkonis, P., & Links, P. (1999). The Iowa Personality Disorder Screen: Development and Preliminary Validation of a Brief Screening Interview. Journal of Personality Disorders, 1, 75-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi.1999.13.1.75
Lenzenweger, M. F. (1999). Stability and Change in Personality Disorder Features: The Longitudinal Study of Personality Disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 11, 1009-1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.56.11.1009
Lenzenweger, M. F., Bennett, M. E., & Lilenfeld, L. R. (1997). The Referential Thinking Scale as a Measure of Schizotypy: Scale Development and Initial Construct Validation. Psychological Assessment, 9, 452-463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.9.4.452
Lenzenweger, M. F., Loranger, A. W., Korfine, L., & Neff, C. (1997). Detecting Personality Disorders in a Nonclinical Population. Application of a 2-Stage Procedure for Case Identification. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 345-351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830160073010
Levenson, M. R., Kiehl, K. A., & Fitzpatrick, C. M. (1995). Assessing Psychopathic Attributes in a Noninstitutionalised Population. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 151-158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.68.1.151
Lewin, T. J., Slade, T., Andrews, G., Carr, V. J., & Hornabrook, C. W. (2005). Assessing Personality Disorders in a National Mental Health Survey. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 2, 87-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-005-0878-1
Lilienfeld, S. O., & Widows, M. R. (2005). Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
Lobbestael, J., Leurgans, M., & Arntz, A. (2011). Inter-Rater Reliability of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID I) and Axis II Disorders (SCID II). Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 18, 75-79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cpp.693
Loranger, A. W. (1994). Omnibus Personality Inventory Manual. White Plains, NY: New York Hospital—Cornell Medical Center, Westchester Division.
Loranger, A. W. (1999). International Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Loranger, A. W. (2002). OMNI Personality Inventory and OMNI-IV Personality Disorder Inventory Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Lorant, T. A., Henderson, L., & Zimbardo, P. G. (2000). Comorbidity in Chronic Shyness. Depression and Anxiety, 12, 232-237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1520-6394(2000)12:4 3.0.CO;2-#
Lynam, D. R., Gaughan, E. T., Miller, J. D., Miller, D. J., Mullins-Sweatt, S., & Widiger, T. A. (2011). Assessing the Basic Traits Associated with Psychopathy: Development and Validation of the Elemental Psychopathy Assessment. Psychological Assessment, 23, 108-124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0021146
Lynam, D. R., Loehr, A., Miller, J. D., & Widiger, T. A. (2012). A Five-Factor Measure of Avoidant Personality: The FFAvA. Journal of Personality Assessment, 94, 466-474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2012.677886
Mahieu, C., Hare, R. D., Jones, D. N., Babiak, P., & Neumann, C. S. (2012). Factor Structure of the B-Scan 360: A Measure of Corporate Psychopathy. Psychological Assessment. Avance Online Publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0029262
Margolis, H. D., & Thomas, V. A. (1980). The Measurement of Narcissism in Adolescents with and without Behavioral and Emotional Disabilities. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, San Diego, CA: United States International University.
Mason, O., & Claridge, G. (1999). Individual Differences in Schizotypy and Reduced Asymmetry Using the Chimeric Faces Task. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 4, 289-301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/135468099395846
Mason, O., Claridge, G., & Jackson, M. (1995). New Scales for the Assessment of Schizotypy. Personality and Individual Differences, 18, 7-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(94)00132-C
McDermut, W., & Zimmerman, M. (2008). Personality Disorders, Personality Traits, and Defense Mechanisms. In A. J. Rush, M. B. First, & D. Blacker (Eds.), Handbook of Psychiatric Measures (pp. 687-729). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Melley, A. H., Oltmanns, T. F., & Turkheimer, E. (2002). The Schedule for Adaptive and Nonadaptive Personality (SNAP): Temporal Stability and Predictive Validity of the Diagnostic Scales. Assessment, 9, 181-187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10791102009002009
Miller, J. D., Bagby, R. M., Pilkonis, P. A., Reynolds, S. K., & Lynam, D. R. (2005). A Simplified Technique for Scoring DSM-IV Personality Disorders with the Five-Factor Model. Assessment, 12, 404-415.
Miller, J. D., Few, L. R., & Widiger, T. A. (2012). Assessment of Personality Disorders and Related Traits: Bridging DSM-IV-TR and DSM-5. In T. A. Widiger (Ed.), Oxford Handbook of Personality Disorder (pp. 108-140). New York: Oxford University Press.
Miller, J. D., Maples, J., Few, L. R., Morse, J. Q., Yaggi, K. E., & Pilkonis, P. A. (2010). Using Clinician-Rated Five-Factor Model Data to Score the DSM-IV Personality Disorders. Journal of Personality Assessment, 92, 296-305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2010.481984
Miller, L. (2008). From Difficult to Disturbed. New York: Amacom.
Millon, T. (1987). Manual for Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory II (MCMI-II). Minneapolis, MN: National Computer Systems.
Millon, T., Davis, R., & Millon, C. (1997). MCMI-III Manual (2nd ed.). Minneapolis, MN: National Computer Systems.
Millon, T., Millon, C., Davis, R., & Grossman, S. (2009). MCMI-III Manual (4th ed.). Minneapolis, MN: Pearson Education, Inc.
Moran, P., Leese, M., Lee, T., Walters, P., Thornicroft, G., & Mann, A. (2003). Standardised Assessment of Personality— Abbreviated Scale (SAPAS): Preliminary Validation of a Brief Screen for Personality Disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 183, 228-232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.183.3.228
Morey, L. C. (1991). Personality Assessment Inventory—Professional Manual. Florida, USA: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
Morey, L. C., Hopwood, C. J., Gunderson, J. G., Skodol, A. E., Shea, M. T., Yen, S., & McGlashan, T. H. (2007). Comparison of Alternative Models for Personality Disorders. Psychological Medicine, 37, 983-994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291706009482
Morey, L. C., Hopwood, C. J., Markowitz, J. C., Gunderson, J. G., Grilo, C. M., McGlashan, T. H., Skodol, A. E. et al. (2012). Comparison of Alternative Models for Personality Disorders, II: 6-, 8- and 10-Year Follow-Up. Psychological Medicine, 42, 1705-1713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291711002601
Morey, L. C., Waugh, M. H., & Blashfield, R. K. (1985). MMPI Scales for DSM-III Personality Disorders: Their Derivation and Correlations. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 245-251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4903_5
Mullins, L. S., & Kopelman, R. E. (1988). Toward an Assessment of the Construct Validity of Four Measures of Narcissism. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52, 610-625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5204_2
Mullins-Sweat, S. N., Edmundson, M., Sauer-Zavala, S., Lynam, D. R., Miller, J. D., & Widiger, T. A. (2012). Five-Factor Measure of Borderline Personality Traits. Journal of Personality Assessment, 1-13.
Murray, H. (1938). Explorations in Personality. New York: Oxford University Press.
Okada, M., & Oltmanns, T. F. (2009). Comparison of Three Self-Report Measures of Personality Pathology. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 31, 358-367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10862-009-9130-8
Oldham, J., & Morris, L. (1991). Personality Self-Portrait. New York: Bantam.
Olssøn, I., Sørebø, Ø., & Dahl, A. A. (2011). A Cross-Sectional Testing of The Iowa Personality Disorder Screen in a Psychiatric Outpatient Setting. BMC Psychiatry, 11, 105-112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-11-105
Pfohl, B., Blum, N., & Zimmerman, M. (1997). Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Pfohl, B., Blum, N., St. John, D., McCormick, B., Allen, J., & Black, D. W. (2009). Reliability and Validity of the Borderline Evaluation of Severity Over Time (BEST): A Self-Rated Scale to Measure Severity and Change in Persons with Borderline Personality Disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 23, 281-293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2009.23.3.281
Pfohl, B., Stangl, D., & Zimmerman, M. (1983). The Structured Interview for DSM III Personality Disorders (2nd ed.). Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics.
Phillips, K. A. et al. (2010). Should an Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Grouping of Disorders be Included in DSM-V? Depression and Anxiety, 27, 528-555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.20705
Pickersgill, M. (2010). From Psyche to Soma? Changing Accounts of Antisocial Personality Disorder in the American Journal of Psychiatry. History of Psychiatry, 21, 294-311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957154X09102800
Pincus, A. L., Ansell, E. B., Pimentel, C. A., Cain, N. M., Wright, A. G. C., & Levy, K. N. (2009). Initial Construction and Validation of the Pathological Narcissism Inventory. Psychological Assessment, 21, 365-379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0016530
Poreh, A. M., Rawlings, D., Claridge, G., Freeman, J. L., Faulkner, C., Shelton, C. (2006). The BPQ: A Scale for the Assessment of Borderline Personality Based on DSM-IV Criteria. Journal of Personality Disorders, 20, 247-260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2006.20.3.247
Priftera, A., & Ryan, J. J. (1984). Validity of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) in a Psychiatric Sample. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40, 140-142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(198401)40:1 3.0.CO;2-E
Raine, A. (1991). The SPQ: A Scale for the Assessment of Schizotypal Personality Based on DSM-III-R Criteria. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 17, 555-564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/17.4.555
Raine, A., & Benishay, D. (1995). The SPQ-B: A Brief Screening Instrument for Schizotypal Personality Disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 9, 346-355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi.1995.9.4.346
Ramanaiah, N. V., & Sharpe, J. P. (1998). Structure of the Coolidge Axis II Inventory Personality Disorder Scales from the Five-Factor Perspective. Psychological Reports, 83, 947-952. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.83.3.947
Raskin, R. & Terry, H. (1988). A Principal-Component Analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and Further Evidence of Its Construct Validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 890-902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.5.890
Raskin, R., & Hall, C. (1979). A Narcissistic Personality Inventory. Psychological Reports, 45, 590. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1979.45.2.590
Raskin, R., & Hall, C. S. (1981). The Narcissistic Personality Inventory: Alternative Form Reliability and Further Evidence of Construct Validity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 45, 159-162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4502_10
Retzlaff, P. (1996). MCMI-III Diagnostic Validity: Bad Test or Bad Validity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66, 431-437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6602_19
Richman, J. A., & Flaherty, J. A. (1990). Gender differences in narcissistic styles. In Plakun, E. M. (Ed.), New perspective on narcissism (pp. 73-100). Washing, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Rogers, R. (2001). Handbook of Diagnostic and Structural Interviewing. New York: Guilford.
Rogers, R. (2003). Standardizing DSM-IV Diagnoses: The Clinical Applications of Structured Interviews. Journal of Personality Assessment, 81, 220-225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/S15327752JPA8103_04
Rolland, J. P., & Pichot, P. (2007). Manuel de l'inventaire de Tendances Dysfonctionelles TD-12. Paris: ECPA.
Salekin, R. T., Rogers, R., & Sewell, K. W. (2006). A Review and Meta-Analysis of the Psychopathy Checklist and Psychopathy Checklist-Revised: Predictive Validity of Dangerousness. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 3, 203-215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2850.1996.tb00071.x
Samuel, D. B., & Widiger, T. A. (2008). A Meta-Analytic Review of the Relationships between the Five-Factor Model and DSM-IV-TR Personality Disorders: A Facet Level Analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 1326-1342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2008.07.002
Samuel, D. B., Riddell, A. D. B., Lynam, D. R., Miller, J. D., & Widiger, T. A. (2012). A Five-Factor Measure of Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Traits. Journal of Personality Assessment, 94, 456-465.
Schuler, C. E., Snibbe, J. R., & Buckwalter, J. G. (1994). Validity of the MMPI Personality Disorder Scales (MMPI-PD). Journal of Clinical Psychology, 50, 220-227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(199403)50:2 3.0.CO;2-J
Segal, D. L., & Coolidge, F. L. (2007). Structured and Semi-Structured Interviews for Differential Diagnosis: Issues and Application. In M. Hersen, S. M. Turner, & D. C. Beidel (Eds.), Adult Psychopathology and Diagnosis (5th ed., pp. 72-103). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Sellen, J. L., Oaksford, M., & Gray, N. S. (2005). Schizotypy and Conditioning Reasoning. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 31, 105-116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbi012
Silberman, C. S., Roth, L., Segal, D. L., & Burns, W. J. (1997). Relationship between the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II and Coolidge Axis II Inventory in Chronically Mentally Ill Older Adults: A Pilot Study. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53, 559-566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199710)53:6 3.0.CO;2-F
Simms, L. J. & Clark, L. A. (2006). The Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP): A Dimensional Measure of Traits Relevant to Personality and Personality Pathology. In S. Strack (Ed.), Differentiating Normal and Abnormal Personality Pathology (pp. 431-450). New York: Springer.
Skodol, A. E., Oldham, J. M., Rosnick, L., Kellman, H. D., & Hyler, S. E. (1991). Diagnosis of DSM-III-R Personality Disorders: A Comparison of Two Structured interviews. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 1, 13-26.
Slade, T., Peters, L., Schneiden, V., & Andrews, G. (2006). The International Personality Disorder Examination Questionnaire (IPDEQ): Preliminary Data on Its Utility as a Screener for Anxious Personality Disorder. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 7, 84-88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mpr.37
Slavin-Mulford, J., Sinclair, S. J., Stein, M., Malone, J., Bello, I., & Blais, M. A. (2012). External Validity of the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) in a Clinical Sample. Journal of Personality Assessment, 94, 593-600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2012.681817
Smith, T. L., Klein, M. H., Alonson, C., Salazar-Fraile, J., Felipe-Castano, E., Moreno, C. L., Acosta, S. R., Rios, L. I., & Marti-Sanjuan, V. (2011). The Spanish Version of the Wisconsin personality Disorders Inventory-IV (WISPI-IV): Tests of Validity and Reliability. Journal of Personality Disorders, 25, 813-833. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2011.25.6.813
Startup, M. (1999). Schizotypy, dissociative experiences and childhood abuse: relationships among self-report measures. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38, 333–344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/014466599162908
Tomiatti, M., Gore, W. L., Lynam, D. R., Miller, J. D., & Widiger, T. A. (2012). A Five-Factor Measure of Histrionic Personality Traits. In A. Columbus (Ed.), Advances in Psychology Research (Vol. 87, pp. 113-138). Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers.
Trull, T. J., & Amdur, M. (2001). Diagnostic Efficiency of the Iowa Personality Disorder Screen Items in a Nonclinical Sample. Journal of Personality Disorders, 15, 351-357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi.15.4.351.19184
Trull, T. J., Goodwin, A. H., Schopp, L. H., Hillenbrand, T. L., & Schuster, T. (1993). Psychometric Properties of a Cognitive Measure of Personality Disorders. Journal of Personality Assessment, 61, 536-546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6103_10
Tyrer, P. (2000). Personality Assessment Schedule: PAS-I (ICD-10 Version). In P. Tyrer (Ed.), Personality Disorders: Diagnosis, Management and Course (pp. 160-180). London: Arnold.
Tyrer, P., Morgan, J., & Cicchetti, D. (2004). The Dependent Personality Questionnaire (DPQ): A Screening Instrument for Dependent Personality. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 50, 10-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764004038754
Uehara, T., Sakado, K., & Sato, T. (1997). Test—Retest Reliability of the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire: Revised. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 51, 369-372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.1997.tb02601.x
Useda, J. D. (2002). The Construct Validity of the Paranoid Personality Disorder Features Questionnaire (PPDFQ): A Dimensional Assessment of Paranoid Personality Disorder. Dissertation Abstracts International, 62, 9B.
Uzieblo, K., Verschuere, B., Van den Bussche, E., & Crombez, G. (2010). The Validity of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory—Revised in a Community Sample. Assessment, 17, 334-346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191109356544
Vitale, J. E., Smith, S. S., Brinkley, C. A., & Newman, J. P. (2002). Reliability and Construct Validity of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised in Female Offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 29, 202-231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854802029002005
Watson, D. C., & Sinha, B. K. (1996). A Normative Study of the Coolidge Axis II Inventory. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 52, 631-637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199611)52:6 3.0.CO;2-N
Watson, D., & Sinha, B. (2007). A Normative Study of the Coolidge Axis-II Inventory, Short Form. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Practice, 80, 437-441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/147608306X154825
Westen, D., & Shedler, J. (2007). Personality Diagnosis with the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure (SWAP): Integrating Clinical and Statistical Measurement and Prediction. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 810-822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.116.4.810
Widiger, T. A., & Clark, L. A. (2009). Toward DSM-V and the Classification of Psychopathology. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 946-963.
Widiger, T. A., & Costa Jr., P. T. (2013). Personality Disorders and the Five-Factor Model of Personality. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/13939-000
Widiger, T. A., Livesley, W. J., & Clark, L. A. (2009). An Integrative Dimensional Classification of Personality Disorder. Psychological Assessment, 21, 243-255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0016606
Widiger, T. A., Mangine, S., Corbitt, E. M., Ellis, C. G., & Thomas, G. V. (1995). Personality Disorder Interview-IV. A Semi Structured Interview for the Assessment of Personality Disorders. Professional Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Widiger, T. A., & Boyd, S. (2009). Personality Disorders Assessment Instruments. In J. N. Butcher (Ed.), Oxford Handbook of Personality Assessment (pp. 336-363). New York: Oxford University Press.
Widiger, T. A., Costa, P. T., & Samuel, D. (2006). Assessment of Maladaptive Personality Traits. In S. Strack, & M. Lorr (Eds.), Differentiating Normal and Abnormal Personality (2nd ed., pp. 311-355). New York: Springer.
Wille, B., De Fruyt, F., & De Clercq, B. (2013). Expanding and Reconceptualizing Aberrant Personality at Work: Validity of Five-Factor Model Aberrant Personality Tendencies to Predict Career Outcomes. Personnel Psychology, 66, 173-223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/peps.12016
Zanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., Hennen, J., & Silk, K. R. (2003). The Longitudinal Course of Borderline Psychopathology: 6-Year Prospective Follow-Up of the Phenomenology of Borderline Personality Disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 2, 274-283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.2.274
Zanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., Sickel, A. E., & Yong, L. (1996). The Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders (DIPD-IV). Belmont, MA: McLean Hospital.
Zanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., Vujanovic, A. A. (2002). Inter-Rater and Test-Retest Reliability of the Revised Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines. Journal of Personality Disorders, 16, 270-276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi.16.3.270.22538
Zanarini, M. C., Gunderson, J. G., Frankenburg, F. R., & Chauncey, D. L. (1989). The Revised Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines: Discriminating BPD from Other Axis II Disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 3, 10-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi.1989.3.1.10
Zanarini, M. C., Vujanovic, A. A., Parachini, E. A., Boulanger, J. L., Frankenburg, F. R., & Hennen, J. (2003). Zanarini Rating Scale for Borderline Personality Disorder (ZAN-BPD): A Continuous Measure of DSM-IV Borderline Psychopathology. Journal of Personality Disorders, 17, 233-242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi.17.3.233.22147
Zimmerman, M. (2003). What Should the Standard of Care for Psychiatric Diagnostic Evaluations Be? Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 191, 281-286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.NMD.0000066149.40946.FA