Presenteeism among Japanese IT Employees: Personality, Temperament and Character, Job Strain and Workplace Support, and Mental Disturbance — Oak Academic Publishing
Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
Presenteeism among Japanese IT Employees: Personality, Temperament and Character, Job Strain and Workplace Support, and Mental Disturbance
Liaison Institute for Counseling Inc., Tokyo, Japan
,
Department of Bioethics, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
,
Section of Liaison Psychiatry and Palliative Medicine, Division of Comprehensive Patient Care, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
1 Liaison Institute for Counseling Inc., Tokyo, Japan
2 Department of Bioethics, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto, Japan
3 Section of Liaison Psychiatry and Palliative Medicine, Division of Comprehensive Patient Care, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
To study correlates of presenteeism among Japanese IT employees, a cross-sectional study in 440 employees of four IT companies were studied with a net-based questionnaire survey. A structural regression analysis revealed that presenteeism was directly associated with common mental symptoms and job strain, common mental symptoms mediated the effects of job strain and poor workplace social support as well as high Harm Avoidance and low Self-directedness and Cooperativeness upon presenteeism. IT company workers presenteeism may be a result of complicated effects of common mental symptoms, job strain and poor workplace social support, and personality traits.
KeywordsPresenteeismCommon Mental SymptomsJob StrainWorkplace Social SupportPersonality
Alonso, P., Menchón, J. M., Jiménez, S., Segalàs, J., Mataix-Cols, D., Jaurrieta, N., & Pujol, J. (2008). Personality Dimensions in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Relation to Clinical Variables. Psychiatry Research, 157, 159-168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2006.06.003
álvarez-Moya, E. M., Jiménez-Murcia, S., Granero, R., Vallejo, J., Krug, I., Bulik, C. M., & Fernández-Aranda, F. (2007). Comparison of Personality Risk Factors in Bulimia Nervosa and Pathological Gambling. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 48, 452-457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.03.008
Anderson, K., & Andrews, G. (2006). Common Mental Disorders in the Workplace: Recent Findings from Descriptive and Social Epidemiology. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 63-75.
Bejerot, S., Schlette, P., Ekselius, L., Adolfsson, R., & von Knorring, L. (1998). Personality Disorders and Relationship to Personality Dimensions Measured by the Temperament and Character Inventory in Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 98, 243-249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1998.tb10075.x
Bergeman, C. S., Plomin, R., Pedersen, N. L., McClea, G. E., &Nesselroade, J. R. (1990). Genetic and Environmental Influences on Social Support: The Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 45, 101-106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronj/45.3.P101
Bolger, N., & Eckenrode, J. (1991). Social Relationships, Personality, and Anxiety during A Major Stressful Event. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 440-449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.3.440
Brown, H. E., Gilson, N. D., Burton, N. W., & Brown, W. J. (2011). Does Physical Activity Impact on Presenteeiasm and Other Indicators of Workplace Well-Being? Sports Medicine, 41, 249-262. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/11539180-000000000-00000
Burton, W. N., Pransky, G., Conti, D. J., Chen, C.-Y., & Edington, D. W. (2004). The Association of Medical Conditions and Presenteeism. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 46, s38-s45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.jom.0000126687.49652.44
Cassin, S. E., & von Ranson, K. M. (2005). Personality and Eating Disorders: A Decade in Review. Clinical Psychology Review, 25, 895-916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2005.04.012
Celikel, F. C., Kose, S., Cumurcu, B. E., Erkorkmaz, U., Sayar, K., Borckardt, J. J., & Cloninger, C. R. (2009). Cloninger’s Temperament and Character Dimensions of Personality in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 50, 556-5621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.11.012
Cho, S. C., Jung, S. W., Kim, B. N., Hwang, J. W., Shin, M. S., Kim, J. W. et al. (2009). Temperament and Character among Korean Children and Adolescents with Anxiety Disorders. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 18, 60-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00787-008-0699-3
Cloninger, C. R. (1999). The Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised. St. Louis., MI: Centre for Psychobiology of Personality, Washington University.
Cloninger, C. R., Svrakic, D. M., & Przybeck, T. R. (1993). A Psychobiological Model of Temperament and Character. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 975-990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820240059008
Cloninger, C. R., Przybeck, T. R., Svrakic, D. M., & Wetzel, R. D. (1994). The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI): A Guide to Its Development and Use. St. Louis., MI: Centre for Psychobiology of Personality, Washington University.
Cooper, C., & Dewe, P. (2008). Well-Being: Absenteeism, Presenteeism, Coasts and Challenges. Occupational Medicine, 58, 522-524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqn124
Daley, S. E., Hammen, C., Davila, J., & Burge, D. (1998). Axis II Symptomatology, Depression, and Life Stress during the Transition from Adolescence to Adulthood. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 595-603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.66.4.595
De Lange, A. H., Taris, T. W., Kompier, M. A., Houtman, I. L. D., & Bongers, P. M. (2003). “The Very Best of the Millennium”: Longitudinal Research and the Demand-Control (Support) Model. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 8, 282-305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.8.4.282
Engström, C., Bröndström, S., Sigvardsson, S., Cloninger, C. R., & Nylander, P. O. (2004). Bipolar Disorder. I. Temperament and Character. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82, 131-134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2003.09.004
Evans, C., Connell, J., Barkham, M., Margison, F., McGrath, G., Mellor-Clark, J., & Audin, K. (2002). Towards a Standardized Brief Outcome Measure: Psychometric Properties and Utility of the CORE-OM (Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation-Outcome Measure). British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 51-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.180.1.51
Evans, C., Mellor-Clark, J., Margison, F., Barkham, M., Audin, K., Connell, J., & McGrath, G. (2000). CORE: Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation. Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 9, 247-255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713680250
Evans, L., Akiskal, H. S., Keck Jr., P. E., McElroy, S. L., Sadovnick, A. D., Remick, R. A., & Kelsoe, J. R. (2005). Familiarity of Temperament in Bipolar Disorder: Support for a Genetic Spectrum. Journal of Affective Disorders, 85, 153-168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2003.10.015
Farmer, A., Harris, T., Redman, K., Sadler, S., Mahmood, A., & McGuffin, P. (2000). Cardiff Depression Study: A Sib-Pair Study of Life Events and Familiarities in Major Depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 176, 150-155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.176.2.150
Farmer, A., Mahmood, A., Redman, K., Harris, T., Sadler, S., & McGuffin, P. (2003). A Sib-Pair Study of the Temperament and Character Inventory Scales in Major Depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 490-496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.5.490
Farmer, R. F., & Seeley, J. R. (2009). Temperament and Character Predictors of Depressed Mood over a 4-Year Interval. Depression and Anxiety, 26, 371-381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.20459
Finch, J. F., & Graziano, W. G. (2001). Predicting Depression from Temperament, Personality, and Patterns of Social Relations. Journal of Personality, 69, 27-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.00135
Ghazinour, M., Richter, J., & Eisemann, M. (2003). Personality Related to Coping and Social Support among Iranian Refugees in Sweden. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 191, 595-603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000087186.03513.38
Goetzel, R. Z., Long, S. R., Ozminkowski, R. J., Hawkins, K., Wang, S., & Lynch, W. (2004). Health, Absence, Disability, and Presenteeism Cost Estimates of Certain Physical and Mental Health Conditions Affecting US Employers. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 46, 398-412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.jom.0000121151.40413.bd
Goncalves, D. M., & Cloninger, C. R. (2010). Validation and Normative Studies of the Brazilian Portuguese and American Versions of the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised (TCI-R). Journal of Affective Disorders, 124, 126-133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.11.007
Hansenne, M., Pitchot, W., Moreno, A. G., Machurot, P. Y., & Ansseau, M. (1998). The Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ) and Depression. European Psychiatry, 13, 101-103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0924-9338(98)80026-6
Hansenne, M., Reggers, J., Pinto, E., Kjiri, K., Ajamier, A., & Ansseau, M. (1999). Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and Depression. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 33, 31-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3956(98)00036-3
Hazel, N. A., Hammen, C., Brennan, P. A., & Najman, J. (2008). Early Childhood Adversity and Adolescent Depression: The Mediating Role of Continued Stress. Psychological Medicine, 38, 518-589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291708002857
Ida, H., Nakagawa, K., Miura, M., Ishikawa, K., & Yakura, N. (2012). Development of the Work Limitation Questionnaire Japanese Version (WLQ-J): Fundamental Examination of the Reliability and Validity of the WLQ-J. Sangyo Eiseigaku Zasshi, 54, 101-107. (In Japanese) http://dx.doi.org/10.1539/sangyoeisei.b11011
Janowsky, D. S., Morter, S., Hong, L., & Howe, L. (1999). Myers Biggs Type Indicator and Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire Differences between Bipolar Patients and Unipolar Depressed Patients. Bipolar Disorders, 2, 98-108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-5618.1999.010207.x
Jylhä, P., & Isometsä, E. (2006). Temperament, Character and Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in the General Population. European Psychiatry, 21, 389-395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.09.003
Jylhä, P., Mantere, O., Melartin, T., Suominenm, K., Vuorilehto, M., Arvilommi, P. et al. (2011). Differences in Temperament and Character Dimensions in Patients with Bipolar I and II or Major Depressive Disorder and General Population Subjects. Psychological Medicine, 41, 1579-1591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291710002606
Karasek, R. (1979). Job Demands, Job Decision Latitude and Mental Strain: Implications for Job Redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24, 285-308. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2392498
Kendler, K. S., Karkowski, L. M., & Prescott, C. A. (1999). The Assessment of Dependence in the Study of Stressful Life Events: Validation Using a Twin Design. Psychological Medicine, 29, 1455-1460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291798008198
Kim, S. J., Kang, J. I., & Kim, C. H. (2009). Temperament and Character in Subjects with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 50, 567-572.
Klein, R. B. (2005). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.
Koenen, K. C., Moffitt, T. E., Poulton, R., Martin, J., & Caspi, A. (2006). Early Childhood Factors Associated with the Development of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Results from a Longitudinal Birth Cohort. Psychological Medicine, 37, 181-192.
Kessler, R. C., Kendler, K. S., Heath, A., Neale, M. C., & Eaves, L. J. (1992). Social Support, Depressed Mood, and Adjustment to Stress: A Genetic Epidemiologic Investigation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 257-272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.62.2.257
Kusunoki, K., Sato, T., Taga, C., Yoshida, T., Komori, K., Narita, T. et al. (2000). Low Novelty-Seeking Differentiates Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder from Major Depression. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 101, 403-405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2000.101005403.x
Lerner, D., Adler, D. A., Chang, H., Berndt, E. R., Irish, J. T., Lapitsky, L. et al. (2004). The Clinical and Occupational Correlates of Work Productivity Loss among Employed Patients with Depression. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 46, s46-s55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.jom.0000126684.82825.0a
Lerner, D., Adler, D. A., Chang, H., Lapitsky, L., Hood, M. Y., Perissinotto, C. et al. (2004). Unemployment, Job Retention, and Productivity Loss among Employees with Depression. Psychiatric Services, 55, 1371-1378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.55.12.1371
Lerner, D., Amick III, B. C., Lee, J. C., Rooney, T., Rogers, W. H., Chang, H., & Berndt, E. R. (2003). Relationship of Employee-Reported Work Limitations to Work Productivity. Medical Care, 41, 649-659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.MLR.0000062551.76504.A9
Lerner, D., Amick III, B. C., Rogers, W. H., Malspeis, S., & Bungay, K. (2001). The Work Limitation Questionnaire: A Self-Administered Instrument for Assessing On-the-Job Work Disability. Medical Care, 39, 72-85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005650-200101000-00009
Lerner, D., & Henke, R. M. (2008). What Does Research Tell Us about Depression, Job Performance, and Work Productivity? Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 50, 401-410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0b013e31816bae50
Lerner, D., Reed, J. I., Massarotti, E., Wester, L. M., & Burke, T. A. (2002). The Work Limitation Questionnaire’s Validity and Reliability among Patients with Osteoarthritis. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 55, 197-208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0895-4356(01)00424-3
Loftus, S. T., Garno, J. L., Jaeger, J., & Malhotra, A. K. (2008). Temperament and Character Dimensions in Bipolar I Disorder: A Comparison to Healthy Controls. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 42, 1131-1136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.11.005
Maciejewski, P. K., Prigerson, H. G., & Mazure, C. M. (2000). Self-Efficacy as a Mediator between Stressful Life Events and Depressive Symptoms: Differences Based on History of Prior Depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 176, 373-378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.176.4.373
Marchesi, C., De Panfilis, C., Cantoni, A., Giannelli, M. R., & Maggini, C. (2008). Effect of Pharmacological Treatment on Temperament and Character in Panic Disorder. Psychiatric Research, 158, 147-154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2006.08.009
Matsudaira, T., & Kitamura, T. (2006). Personality Traits as Risk Factors of Depression and Anxiety among Japanese Students. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62, 97-109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20215
Middledorp, C. M., Cath, D. C., Beem, A. L., Willemsen, G., & Boomsma, D. I. (2008). Life Events, Anxious Depression and Personality: A Prospective and Genetic Study. Psychological Medicine, 38, 1557-1565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291708002985
Minaya, O., & Fresán, A. (2009). Anxiety Disorders Comorbidity in First-Episode Depressed Patients: Personality Differences Based on the Temperament and Character Inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 522-526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.05.006
Mörtberg, E., Bejerot, S., & Wistedt, A. Å. (2007). Temperament and Character Dimensions in Patients with Social Phobia: Patterns of Change Following Treatments? Psychiatry Research, 152, 81-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2006.10.003
Nery, F. G., Hatch, J. P., Glahn, D. C., Nicoletti, M. A., Monkul, E. S., Najt, P. et al. (2008). Temperament and Character traits in Patients with Bipolar Disorder and Associations with Comorbid Alcoholism or Anxiety Disorders. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 42, 569-577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.06.004
Pallanti, S. (2007). Social Anxiety Disorder and Temperament: Excitatory and Inhibitory Mechanisms on Primary Motor Cortex in Patients and Healthy Controls. European Psychiatry, 22, S284-S284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.01.961
Park, K. O., Wilson, M. G., & Lee, M. S. (2004). Effects of Social Support at Work on Depression and Organizational Productivity. American Journal of Health Behavior, 28, 444-455. http://dx.doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.28.5.7
Ruchkin, V. V., Schwab-Stone, M., Koposov, R. Vermeiren, R., & Steiner, H. (2002). Violence Exposure, Posttraumatic Stress, and Personality in Juvenile Delinquents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 322-329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200203000-00012
Sato, T., Narita, T., Hirano, S., Kusunoki, K., Sakado, K., & Uehara, T. (2001). Is Interpersonal Sensitivity Specific to Non-melancholic Depression? Journal of Affective Disorders, 64, 133-144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00222-6
Sayin, A., Kuruoglu, A. Ç., Güeç, M. Y., & Aslan, S. (2007). Relation of Temperament and Character Properties with Clinical Presentation of Bipolar Disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 48, 448-451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.04.004
Steptoe, A., Cropley, M., & Joekes, K. (1999). Job Strain, Blood Pressure and Response to Uncontrollable Stress. Journal of Hypertension, 17, 193-200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004872-199917020-00003
Takagishi, Y., Sakata, M., & Kitamura, T. (2011). Effects of Self-Esteem on State and Trait Components of Interpersonal Dependency and Depression in the Workplace. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67, 918-926. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20815
Tanaka, E., Kijima, N., & Kitamura, T. (1997). Correlations between the Temperament and Character Inventory and the Self-Rating Depression Scale among Japanese Students. Psychological Reports, 80, 251-254. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1997.80.1.251
Tillman, R., Geller, B., Craney, J. L., Bolhofner, K., Williams, M., Zimerman, B. et al. (2003). Temperament and Character Factors in a Prepubertal and Early Adolescent Bipolar Disorder Phenotype Compared to Attention Deficit Hyperactive and Normal Controls. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 13, 531-543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/104454603322724922
Tse, W. S., & Bond, A. J. (2003). Consequences of Displaying Abnormal Social Behaviour: Avoidance and Reduction of Social Reinforcement. Journal of Affective Disorders, 75, 49-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(02)00036-8
Uji, M., Sakamoto, A., Adachi, K., & Kitamura, T. (2012). Psychometric Properties of the Japanese Version of the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation-Outcome Measure. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 53, 600-608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.09.006
Wachleski, C., Salum, G. A., Blaya, C., Kipper, L., Paludo, A., Salgado, A. P., & Manfro, G. G. (2008). Harm Avoidance and Self-Directedness as Essential Features of Panic Disorder Patients. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 49, 476-481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.03.003
Yoon, S. J., Jun, C. S., An, H. Y., Kang, H. R., & Jun, T. Y. (2009). Patterns of Temperament and Character in Patients with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Their Association with Symptom Severity. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 50, 226-231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.08.003