The purpose of this study was to use structural equation modeling to examine the effects of trait rumination and reflection on stress response and subjective well-being among Japanese university athletes. One hundred and eighty-two Japanese university athletes (114 males, 68 females, mean age = 20.15 years) participated. Trait rumination was positively associated with stress response and negatively associated with subjective well-being. On the other hand, trait reflection showed a negative association with stress response and a positive association with subjective well-being. In order to develop effective interventions for athletes high in rumination and/or low in reflection, future research should examine the mechanism that explains the different effects of rumination and reflection on athlete mental health.
Allen, M. S., Greenlees, I., & Jones, M. (2011). An Investigation of the Five-Factor Model of Personality and Coping Behaviour in Sport. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29, 841-850. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.565064
Appleton, P. R., Hall, H. K., & Hill, A. P. (2009). Relations between Multidimensional Perfectionism and Burnout in Junior-Elite Male Athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10, 457-465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2008.12.006
Baker, J., Cobley, S., & Fraser-Thomas, J. (2009). What Do We Know about Early Sport Specializations? Not Much! High Ability Studies, 20, 77-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13598130902860507
Burwell, R. A., & Shirk, S. R. (2007). Subtypes of Rumination in Adolescence: Associations between Brooding, Reflection, Depressive Symptoms, and Coping. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 36, 56-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15374410709336568
Connor-Smith, J. K., & Flachsbart, C. (2007). Relations between Personality and Coping: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 1080-1107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.93.6.1080
C?té, J., Lidor, R., & Hackfort, D. (2009). To Sample or to Specialize? Seven Postulates about Youth Sport Activities That Lead to Continued Participation and Elite Performance. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 7, 7-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2009.9671889
Crocker, P. R. E., & Graham, R. (1995). Coping by Competitive Athletes with Performance Stress: Gender Differences and Relationships with Affect. The Sport Psychologist, 9, 325-338.
Elliot, I., & Coker, S. (2008). Independent Self-Construal, Self-Reflection, and Self-Rumination: A Path Model for Predicting Happiness. Australian Journal of Psychology, 60, 127-134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049530701447368
Galli, N., & Reel, J. J. (2012). “It Was Hard, But It Was Good”: A Qualitative Exploration of Stress-Related Growth in Division I Intercollegiate Athletes. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 4, 297-319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2012.693524
Galli, N., & Vealey, R. S. (2008). Bouncing Back from Adversity: Athletes’ Experiences of Resilience. The Sport Psychologist, 22, 316-335.
Grove, J. R., & Heard, N. P. (1997). Optimism and Sport Confidence as Correlates of Slump-Related Coping among Athletes. Sport Psychologist, 11, 400-410.
Harrington, R., & Loffredo, D. A. (2010). Insight, Rumination, and Self-Reflection as Predictors of Well-Being. The Journal of Psychology, 145, 39-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2010.528072
Jones, N. P., Papadakis, A. A., Hogan, C. M., & Strauman, T. J. (2009). Over and over Again: Rumination, Reflection, and Promotion Goal Failure and Their Interactive Effects on Depressive Symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 254-259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.12.007
Ito, Y., Sugara, J., Ikeda, M., & Kawaura, Y. (2003). Reliability and Validity of Subjective Well-Being Scale. The Japanese Journal of Psychology, 74, 276-281. (In Japanese) http://doi.org/10.4992/jjpsy.74.276
Kaiseler, M., Polman, R. C., & Nicholls, A. R. (2012). Effects of the Big Five Personality Dimensions on Appraisal Coping, and Coping Effectiveness in Sport. European Journal of Sport Science, 12, 62-72. http://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2010.551410
Kato, T. (2001). Interpersonal Stress. Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology, 49, 295-304. (In Japanese) http://doi.org/10.5926/jjep1953.49.3_295
Lundqvist, C. (2011). Well-Being in Competitive Sports—The Feel-Good Factor? A Review of Conceptual Considerations of Well-Being. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 4, 109-127. http://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2011.584067
Luyckx, K., Soenens, B., Berzonsky, M. D., Smits, I., Goossens, L., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2007). Information-Oriented Identity Processing, Identity Consolidation, and Well-Being: The Moderating Role of Autonomy, Self-Reflection, and Self- Rumination. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 1099-1111. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.03.003
Lyubomirsky, S., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1995). Effects of Self-Focused Rumination on Negative Thinking and Interpersonal Problem Solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 176-190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.1.176
Lyubomirsky, S., Caldwell, N. D., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1998). Effects of Ruminative and Distracting Responses to Depressed Mood on Retrieval of Autobiographical Memories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 166-177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.166
Lyubomirsky, S., Tucker, K. L., Caldwell, N. D., & Berg, K. (1999). Why Ruminators Are Poor Problem Solvers: Clues from the Phenomenology of Dysphoric Rumination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1041-1060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.5.1041
Nicholls, A. R., Polman, R. C., Levy, A. R., & Backhouse, S. H. (2008). Mental Toughness, Optimism, Pessimism, and Coping among Athletes. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 1182-1192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.11.011
Noblet, A. J., & Gifford, S. M. (2002). The Sources of Stress Experienced by Professional Australian Footballers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14, 1-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10413200209339007
Noblet, A., Rodwell, J., & McWilliams, J. (2003). Predictors of the Strain Experienced by Professional Australian Footballers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 15, 184-193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10413200305394
Ntoumanis, N., & Biddle, S. J. (1998). The Relationship of Coping and Its Perceived Effectiveness to Positive and Negative Effect in Sport. Personality and Individual Differences, 24, 773-788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(97)00240-7
Ntoumanis, N., Biddle, S. J., & Haddock, G. (1999). The Mediating Role of Coping Strategies on the Relationship between Achievement Motivation and Affect in Sport. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 12, 299-327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10615809908250480
Rusting, C. L., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1998). Regulating Responses to Anger: Effects of Rumination and Distraction on Angry Mood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 790-803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.790
Sell, H., & Nagpal, R. (1992). Assessment of Subjective Well-Being: The Subjective Well-Being Inventory (SUBI). New Delhi: Regional Office for South-East Asia, World Health Organization.
Suzuki, S., Shimada, H., Miura, M., Katayanagi, K., Umano, R., & Sakano, Y. (1997). Development of a New Psychological Stress Response Scale (SRS-18) and Investigation of the Reliability and the Validity. Japanese Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4, 22-29. (In Japanese) http://doi.org/10.11331/jjbm.4.22
Takano, K. & Tanno, Y. (2008). Development of Japanese-Version Rumination-Reflection Questionnaire. Japanese Journal of Personality, 16, 259-261. (In Japanese) http://doi.org/10.2132/personality.16.259
Takano, K., & Tanno, Y. (2009). Self-Rumination, Self-Reflection, and Depression: Self-Rumination Counteracts the Adaptive Effect of Self-Reflection. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 260-264. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.12.008
Takano, K., Sakamoto, S., & Tanno, Y. (2012). Functional and Dysfunctional Self-Focus, Self-Acceptance, and Self-Dis- closure. Japanese Journal of Personality, 21, 12-22. (In Japanese) http://doi.org/10.2132/personality.21.12
Trapnell, P. D., & Campbell, J. D. (1999). Private Self-Consciousness and the Five-Factor Model of Personality: Distinguishing Rumination from Reflection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 284-304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.2.284