A major goal of evidence-based psychotherapy is to assess specific cognitive or emotional schemata and behavioral patterns associated with a particular disorder. The present study is an exploratory attempt to form a quantitative basis for this sort of clinical work in terms of Anderson’s Information Integration Theory and the theory’s methodological counterpart- Functional Measurement . The participants of the study’ s three experiments were 24 adolescents who suffer from disruptive behavior disorders, 17 patients who suffer from a dual diagnosis (a combination of substance dependence and psychopathology), and 14 patients diagnosed as suffering from emotional disorders such as anxiety, depression, and panic attacks. The following three types of functional cognitive schemata were diagnosed: bio-psycho-social in the participants with disruptive behavior disorders; addiction in the participants with dual diagnosis, and inner speech schemata in the participants with emotional disorders. The results are presented in terms of the relative importance assigned to the components of each sort of schema. It is concluded that the study’s findings exemplify the viability of the information integration as an infrastructure of a complementary psychodiagnostic tool.
Anderson, N. H. (1972). Looking for Configurality in Clinical Judgment. Psychological Bulletin, 78, 93-102. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0032947
Anderson, N. H. (1981). Foundations of Information Integration Theory. New York: Academic Press.
Anderson, N. H. (1982). Methods of Information Theory. New York: Academic Press.
Anderson, N. H. (1989). Information Integration Approach to Emotions and Their Measurement. In R. Plutchik, & H. Kellerman (Eds.), Emotion: Theory, Research, and Experience (vol. 4, pp. 133-185). San Diego: Academic Press, Inc.
Anderson, N. H. (1996). A Functional Theory of Cognition. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Anderson, N. H. (2001). Empirical Decision in Design and Analysis. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Anderson, N. H. (2002). Methodology and Statistics in Single-Subject Experiments. In J. Wixted, & H. Pashler (Eds.), Stevens’ Handbook of Experimental Psychology (3rd ed., vol. 4.). New York: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471214426.pas0408
Anderson, N. H. (2008). Unified Social Cognition. New York: Psychology Press.
Anderson, N. H. (2013). Unified Psychology Based on Three Laws of Information Integration. Review of General Psychology, 17, 125-132. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032921
Anderson, N. H., & Armstrong, M. A. (1989). Cognitive Theory and Methodology for Studying Marital Interaction. In D. Brinberg, & J. Jaccard (Eds.), Dyadic Decision Making (pp. 3-50). New York: Springer-Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3516-3_1
Antony, M. M., & Barlow, D. H. (2010). Handbook of Assessment and Treatment Planning for Psychological Disorders. New York: Guilford.
Apter, A., Hatab, J., Tyano, S., & Weizman, A. (2010). Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Tel Aviv: Dyonon. (Hebrew)
Barlow, D. H. (Ed.) (2014). Clinical Handbook of Psychological Disorders, Fifth Edition: A Step-by-Step Treatment Manual. New York: Guilford.
Barlow, D. H., Ellard, K. K., Fairholme, C. P., Farchione, T. J., Boisseau, C. L., Ehrenreich-May, J. T., & Allen, L. B. (2010). Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders: Workbook. NY: Oxford University Press.
Beck, A. T., & High, E. A. P. (2014). Advances in Cognitive Theory and Therapy: The Generic Cognitive Model. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153734
Beck, J. S. (2011). Cognitive Behavior Therapy: Basics and Beyond. New York: Guilford.
Chen, G. (2006). Social Support, Spiritual Program, and Addiction Recovery. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 50, 306-323. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X05279038
Chung, E., Moore, P. J., & Peterson, R. A. (2005). Pain Anxiety in a Social Context: The Integration of Anxiety Sensitivity and Event Expectancy. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 27, 317-327. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp2704_4
Colbom, T. (2006). A Case for Revisiting the Safety Pesticides: A Closer Look at Neurodevelopment. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114, 944-949.
Corte, C., & Stein, K. F. (2007). Self-Cognitions in Antisocial Alcohol Dependence and Recovery. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 29, 80-99. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945906295480
DeBellis, M. D. (2001). Developmental traumatology: The Psychobiological Development of Maltreated Children and Its Implications for Research, Treatment, and Policy. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 539-564. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579401003078
Farkas, A., J., & Anderson, N. H. (1979). Multidimensional Input in Equity Theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 879-896. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.37.6.879
Fernyhough, C. (1997). Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Approach: Theoretical Issues and Implications for Current Research. In S. Hala (Ed.), The Development of social Cognition. East Sussex: Psychology Press.
Fine, J. (2006). Language in Psychiatry: A Handbook for Clinical Practice. London: Equinox.
Ford, G. G. (1996). An Existential Model for Promoting Life Change. Confronting the Disease Concept. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 13, 151-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/0740-5472(96)00041-4
Gauche, M., & Mullet, E. (2008). Effect of Context and Personality on the Forgiveness Schema. American Journal of Psychology, 121, 607-616. https://doi.org/10.2307/20445488
Gerwood, J. B. (1998). The Existential Vacuum in Treating Substance-Related Disorders. Psychological Reports, 83, 1394. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.83.3f.1394
Goldman, R. N., & Greenberg, L. S. (2014).Case Formulation in Emotion-Focused Therapy. Washington DC: APA.
Gottfredson, D. C. (2001). School and Delinquency. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Greaves, G. B. (1980). An Existential Theory of Drug Dependence. NIDA Research Monograph, 30, 24-28.
Igier, V., Sorum, P. C., & Mullet, E. (2014). Judging Patients’ Pain from External Cues. Journal of Health Psychology, 19, 570-573. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105313475899
Khantzian, E. J., & Albanese, M. J. (2008). Understanding Addiction as Self Medication: Finding Hope behind the Pain. New York: Rowmanand Littlefield.
Klitzner, M. D., & Anderson, N. H. (1977). Motivation * Expectancy * Value: A Functional Measurement Approach. Motivation and Emotion, 1, 347-365. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00992540
Laker, C. J. (2008). A Literature Review to Assess the Reliability and Validity of Measures Appropriate for Use in Research to Evaluate the Efficacy of a Brief Harm Reduction Strategy in Reducing Cannabis Use among People with Schizophrenia in Acute Inpatient Settings. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 15, 777-783. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2850.2008.01297.x
Manor, I., & Tyano, S. (2012). Living with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, ADHD. Tel Aviv: Dyonon. (Hebrew, English Abstract)
Maor, G. (2010). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in the Eyes of the Beholders: An Ecological-Developmental Model. Ph.D. Dissertation, Ramat-Gan: Bar-Ilan University. (Hebrew, English Abstract)
Martin, A., & Volkmar, F. R. (2007). Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: A Comprehensive Textbook (4th ed.). New Haven, CT: Lippincott Williams&Wilkins.
Martinotti, G., Cloninger, C. R., & Janiri, L. (2008). Temperament and Character Inventory Dimensions and Anhedonia in Detoxified Substance-Dependent Subjects. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 34, 177-183. https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990701877078
Matto, H. C., Jessica S. Strolin, J. S., & Mogro-Wilson, C. (2008). A Pilot Study of a Dual Processing Substance User Treatment Intervention with Adults. Substance Use and Misuse, 43, 285-294. https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990701202848
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1990). Personality in Adulthood. New York: Guilford.
Monoszon, A. (2006). Multi-Dimensional Model of Fear Perception in Potential Threat Situations. M.A. Thesis. Ramat-Gan: Bar-Ilan University. (Hebrew, English Abstract)
Moore, P. J., Chung, E., Peterson, R. A., Katzman, M. A., & Vermani, M. (2009). Information Integration and Emotion: How Do Anxiety Sensitivity and Expectancy Combine to Determine Social Anxiety? Cognition and Emotion, 23, 42-68. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930802214551
Padesky, C. A. (1994). Schema Change Processes in Cognitive Therapy. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 1, 267-278. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.5640010502
Potvin, S., Stip, E., Lipp, O., Roy, M.-A., Demers, M. F., Bouchard, R.-H., & Gendron, A. (2008). Anhedonia and Social Adaptation Predict Substance Abuse Evolution in Dual Diagnosis Schizophrenia. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 34, 75-82. https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990701764631
Ramo, D. E., Anderson, K. G., Tate, S. R., & Brown, S. A. (2005). Characteristics of Relapse to Substance Use in Comorbid Adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 30, 1811-1823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.07.021
Sadock, B. J., & Sadock, V. A. (2014). Kaplan & Sadock’s Synopsis of Psychiatry (11th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Sales, A., Smith, J., Curran, G., & Kuchevar, L. (2006). Models, Strategies and Tools: Theory in Implementing Evidence-Based Findings into healthcare Practice. General Internal Medicine, 21, 43-49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00362.x
Sameroff, A. J., Peck, S. C., & Eccles, J. S. (2004). Changing Ecological Determinants of Conduct Problems from Early Adolescence to Early Adulthood. Development and Psychopathology, 16, 873-896. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579404040052
Schulte, S., Meier, P. S., Stirling, J., & Berry, M. (2008). Treatment Approaches for Dual Diagnosis Clients in England. Drug and Alcohol Review, 27, 650-658. https://doi.org/10.1080/09595230802392816
Simon, R., & Wolf, Y. (2002). Diagnosis by Multi-Disciplinary Teams: A Biopsychosocial Perspective. Society and Welfare, 22, 153-166. (Hebrew, English Abstract)
Staats, A. W. (1999). Unifying Psychology Requires New Infrastructure, Theory, Method, and a Research Agenda. Review of General Psychology, 3, 3-13. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.3.1.3
Stein, D. J., van Honk, J., Ipser J., Solms, M., & Panksepp, J. (2007). Opioids: from Physical Pain to the Pain of Social Isolation. CNS Spectrums, 12, 669-670, 672-674. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852900021490
Szpir, M. (2006). New Thinking on Neurodevelopment. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114, 100-107. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.114-a100
Tevelev, V. (2008). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in the Eyes of Juveniles Who Suffer from the Syndrome and Are Involved in Delinquency. Ph.D. Dissertation, Ramat-Gan: Bar-Ilan University. (Hebrew, English Abstract).
Tevelev, V. (2012). Fairy Tale Group Therapy: A Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy Program by Means of Drama-Therapy for Children with Disruptive Behavior Disorders. Israel Journal of Psychiatry (Supplement), 49, 61.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1934/1986). Thought and Language. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press.
Walsh, E., Buchaman, A., & Fahy, T. (2002). Violence and schizophrenia: examining the evidence. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 490-495. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.180.6.490
Wolf, Y. (1995). Estimation of Euclidian Quantity by 5- and 6-Year-Old Children: Facilitating a Multiplication Rule. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 59, 49-75. https://doi.org/10.1006/jecp.1995.1003
Wolf, Y. (2001). Modularity in Everyday Life Judgments of Aggression and Violent Behavior. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 6, 1-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-1789(99)00005-1
Wolf, Y. (2002). Violations of Out-Group Regulations in the Eyes of Ordinary and Protected Prisoners: An Instance of Judgmental Modularity. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 46, 206-219. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X02462006
Wolf, Y., & Shitrit, D. (1994). Psychiatric Evaluation as Integration Process of Biological, Psychological and Social Information. Trends, 36, 20-37. (Hebrew, English Abstract)
Wolf, Y., Katz, S., & Nachson, I. (1995). Meaning of Life as Perceived by Drug-Abusing People. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 39, 121-137. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X9503900205
Wolf, Y., Olenick-Shemesh, D., Addad, M., Green, D., & Walters, J. (1995). Personal and Situational Factors in Drug Use as Perceived by Kibbutz Youth. Adolescence, 30, 909-920.
World Health Organization (2014). The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Diagnostic Criteria for Research. Geneva: World Health Organization,
Yamada, K. (2008). Endogenous Modulators for Drug Dependence. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 31, 1635-1638. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.31.1635
Yaron-Antar, A. (2006). Continuous Exposure to Terrorism in the Eyes of Potential Victims: An Examination in Israeli Context of Two Alternative Schemata—Habituation and Weakening. Ph.D. Dissertation, Ramat-Gan: Bar-Ilan University. (Hebrew, English Abstract)
Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2006). Schema Therapy: A Practitioner's Guide. New York: Guilford.