Visual Discrimination and Reading for Children Dyslexic Arabophone, Aged 7.5 - 11.5 Years
- 1 Department of Neurology and Neuropsychology A, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Rabat, Mohammed 5 University, Rabat, Morocco
- 2 Department of Neurology and Neuropsychology A, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Rabat, Mohammed 5 University, Rabat, Morocco
- 3 Department of Neurology and Neuropsychology A, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Rabat, Mohammed 5 University, Rabat, Morocco
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate visual discrimination in an Arabic-speaking environment and then to appreciate the contribution of its disorders in the treatment of the Arabic language written for the Arabic-speaking reader. Method: A visual discrimination measuring instrument was created and adapted based on the test of the letter sequence discrimination of the battery. The structure of the Arabic language has been taken into consideration in the design of the items (vocalization). This test was applied to an individual based on different types of children from different age groups and different types of schools in Rabat, capital of Morocco. The standard methodology for the administration of created tests has been respected. Standard statistical indices were applied to analyze the measurement results and discuss the different possible interactions. Psychometric indices, as reliability, validity and correlation indices, were applied to assess the performance of the created test. Results and conclusion: The test used, was designed, adapted and standardized to the Arabic-speaking population of Moroccan children. The results obtained were summarized in the following points: 1) The standards obtained could be applied by health professionals to assess the performance of visual discrimination in relation to reading. 2) The main factors of segregation of children (gender and type of school) have no influence on visual discrimination. 3) Vocalization slows down reading for normal readers. On the other hand, it stimulates the attention in the dyslexics. 4) The visual discrimination disorder is present in dyslexic children at 69% (two out of three children).
- Bourdereau, F. (2006). Le français aujourd’hui, 154, 25-34. https://doi.org/10.3917/lfa.154.0025
- Eden, G. F., Stein, J. F., Wood, H. M., & Wood, F. B. (1994). Differences in Eye Movements and Reading Problems in Dyslexic and Normal Children. Vision Research, 34, 1345-1358. https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(94)90209-7
- El Moutez, A., El Alaoui Faris, M., & Benabdejlil, M. (2018). Normative Study of the Recognition Words Written Test “P1” for Moroccan Children Aged 7.5 - 11.5 Years. Psychology, 9, 1397-1411. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2018.96085
- Grégoire, J., & Laveault, D. (2014). Introduction aux théories de tests en psychologie et en sciences de l’éducation (3e édition).
- Jacquier-Roux, M., Valdois, S., & Zorman, M. (2002). Odédys: outil de dépistage des dyslexies. (L. Cogni-Sciences, Ed.). Grenoble.
- Kapoula, Z., Bucci, M. P., Jurion, F., Ayoun, J., & Afkhami, F. B.-G. D. (2006). Evidence for Frequent Divergence Impairment in French Dyslexic Children: Deficit of Convergence Relaxation or of Divergence per se? Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, 245, 931-936. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-006-0490-4
- Martin, F., & Lovegrove, W. (1984). The Effects of Field Size and Luminance on Contrast Sensitivity Differences between Specifically Reading Disabled and Normal Children. Neuropsychologia, 22, 73-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-3932(84)90009-5
- Page, W. K., King, W. M., Merigan, W., & Maunsell, J. (1994). Magnocellular or Parvocellular Lesions in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus of Monkeys Cause Minor Deficits of Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements. Vision Research, 34, 223-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(94)90335-2
- Stein, J., & Fowler, S. (1985). Effect of Monocular Occlusion on Visuomotor Perception and Reading in Dyslexic Children. The Lancet, 326, 69-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(85)90179-5
- Tiadi, A., Seassau, M., Bui-Quoc, E., Gerard, C.-L., & Bucci, M. P. (2014). Vertical Saccades in Dyslexic Children. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35, 3175-3181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2014.07.057
- Tiadi, B. K. G. (2016). Mouvements oculaires chez l’enfant dyslexique. Paris-Saclay à l’université Paris-sud.
- Vital-Durand, F. (1985). Trois canaux paralleles transmettent l’information visuelle a partir de la retine. Arguments anatomiques et physiologiques. Revue d’Electroencéphalographie et de Neurophysiologie Clinique, 15, 217-223.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-4475(85)80002-2