Effects of Stress Management Training by Using Cognitive-Behavioral Method on Reducing Anxiety and Depression among Parents of Children with Mental Retardation — Oak Academic Publishing
Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
Effects of Stress Management Training by Using Cognitive-Behavioral Method on Reducing Anxiety and Depression among Parents of Children with Mental Retardation
University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
,
Young Researchers club, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
,
M.A. in Counseling, Kermanshah, Iran
,
M.A. in Counseling, Kermanshah, Iran
,
M.A. in Psychology, Kermanshah, Iran
1 University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
2 Young Researchers club, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
Present study is designed to investigate the effects of stress management training by using cognitive be - havioral method on anxiety and depression among parents of children with mental retardation. This study is a quasi-experiment that designed as pretest and post-test with control group. The statistical population of study included all parents with mental retarded children from city of Babol in 2011-2012. Sample population was including 40 parents that were selected cluster sampling and allocated in experimental and control groups ( 20 parents for experimental group and 20 for control group) . The experimental group trained during 10 sessions of stress management with method of cognitive-behavioral, whereas during this period the control group did not received any intervention. Both groups in pre-test and post-test assessed by using anxiety and depression scale and results were analyzed by using independent t-test. The results of t-test showed that there w ere no significant differences between two groups in pre-test, but stress man - agement training with method of cognitive-behavioral in experimental group were significantly reduced scores of anxiety and depression. The results of this study showed that stress management by using cogni - tive-behavioral method decreases depression and anxiety scores compared with the control group. Due to psychological problems of parents with mental retarded children, cognitive-behavioral stress management training program can be used as intervention method to reduce anxiety and depression in order to decrease vulnerability.
Anderson, K. L. (2006). Negative mood and quality of life in parents with mental retardation children. Quality Life Research, 15, 49-54.
Antoni, M., Ironson, G., & Schneiderman, N. (2009). Cognitive-behavioral stress management. Jahade daneshgahi, 2, 33-230.
Awad, A. G., & Voruqanti, L. N. (2008). The burden of schizophrenia of caregivers: A review. Pharmacoeconomics, 26, 149-162. doi:10.2165/00019053-200826020-00005
Baker, B. L., Blacher, J., Crnic, K., & Eddelbrock, C. (2002). Behavior problems and parenting stress in families of three-year-old children with and without developmental delays. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 107, 433-444. doi:10.1352/0895-8017(2002)107 2.0.CO;2
Baron, H. (1994). Advances in the psychological treatment of anxiety disorders: Implications for national health care. Archives of General Psychology, 53, 727-735.
Beckman, P. J. (1991). Comparison of mothers and fathers perceptions of the effect of young children with and without disabilities. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 95, 585-595.
Berg, R. C. Landreht, G. L., & Fall, K. A. (1998). Group counseling: Concepts and procedures. Philadelphia, PA: George H. Buchanan Company.
Cushner-Weinstein, S., Dassoulas, J. A., Sarah, E. S., Henderson, P. L., Pearl, W. D. G., & Weinstein, S. L. (2008). Parenting stress and childhood epilepsy: The impact of depression, learning and seizure related factors. Epilepsy & Behavior, 13, 109-114. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2008.03.010
Dabrowska, A, & Pisula, E. (2010). Parenting stress and coping styles in mothers and fathers of preschool children with down syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities Research, 54, 266-279. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2010.01258.x
Esdaile, S. A., & Greenwood, K. (2003). A comparison of mother’s and father’s experience of parenting stress and attributions for parent-child interaction outcome. Occupational Therapy International, 10, 112-115. doi:10.1002/oti.180
Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. New York: Prentice-Hall.
Goode, K. T., Haley, W. E., Roth, D. L., & Fotd, G. R. (1998). Predicting longitudinal changes in caregiver physical and mental health: A stress process model. Health Psychology, 17, 190-198.
Gray, D. (1993). Perceptions of stigma: The parental of autistic children. Sociology of Health and Illness, 15, 102-120.
Green, S. E. (2003). What do you mean what’s wrong with her: Stigma and lives of families of children with disability. Social Science & Medicine, 57, 1361-1374.
Gutierrez-Maldonado, J., & Caqueo-Urizar, A. (2007). Effectiveness of a psycho-educational intervention for reducing burden in Latin American families of patients with schizophrenia. Quality Life Research, 16, 739-747.
Gutierrez-Maldonado, J., Caqueo-Urizar, A., & Kavanagh, D. (2005). Burden of care and general health in families of patients with schizophrenia. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatry Epidemiology, 40, 899-904.
Hastings, R. P., & Beck, A. (2004). Practitioner review: Stress intervention for parents of children with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 1338-1349.
Hernandez, N. (2005). Stress management program for parents of children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Dissertation abstract. FL: Carlos Abizo University.
Heyward, W. L. (2000). Exceptional children. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall Inc.
Honea, N. J., Brintnall, R. A., Given, B., Sherwood, P., Colao, D. B., Somers, S. C., & Northouse, L. L. (2008). Putting evidence into practice: Nursing assessment and interventions to reduce family caregiver strain and burden. Clinical Journal Oncology Nursing, 12, 507-516.
Kaplan, R. L. (2010). Care giving mothers of children with impairments: Coping and support in Russia. Disability & Society, 25, 715-721.
Keogh, E., & Bond, F. W., & Flaxman, P. E. (2005). Improving academic performance and mental health through a stress management intervention: Outcomes and mediators of change. Behavior Research and Therapy, 44, 339-357.
Khamis, V. (2006). Psychological distress among parents of children with mental retardation in the United Arab Emirates. Al-Ain: United Arab Emirates University.
Khamis, V. (2007). Psychological distress among parents of children with mental retardation in the United Arab Emirates. Social Science & Medicine, 64, 850-857.
Khorramabady, R., Poretemad, H. R., Thahmasyan, K., Chimeh, N. (2009). Parenting stress in mothers of children with Autism disorders with normal children. Journal of Family Research, 19, 387-399.
Kiecolt-Glaser, G. K. (2002). Stressful life events and depressive symptoms: Differences based on history of prior depression. British of Psychiatry, 176, 373-378.
Lazarus, R., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Free Press.
Linden, W. (2005). Stress management: from basic science to better practice. New York: Sage Publication.
McConkey, R., Kennedy, M. T., Chang, Y. M., Jarrah, S., & Shukri, R. (2008). The impact on mothers of bringing up a child with intellectual disabilities: Across-cultural study. International Journal of Nursing Study, 45, 65-74.
Parette, H. P., & Brotherson, M. J. (1996). Family participation in assistive technology assessment for young children with mental retardation and developmental disabilities. Education and Training Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, 37, 29-36.
Pelchat, D., & Lefebvre, H. (2004). A holistic intervention program for families with a child with a disability. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 48, 124-131.
Picot, S. J. (1996). Family caregivers: Windows into their worlds. Reflections, 22, 13-14.
Pinquart, M., & Sorensen, S. (2006). Gender differences in caregiver experiences: An update meta-analysis. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 61, 33-45.
Riahi, E., Aliverdi, N. A., & Pourhossein, S. Z. Z. (2010). Relationship between social support and mental health, social welfare. Journal of Research and Science, 39, 85-121.
Riebscheger, J., Scheid, C., Luz, C., Mickus, M., Liszewski, C., & Eaton, M. (2008). How are the experiences and needs of families of individuals with mental illness reflected in medical education guidelines? Academic Psychiatry, 32, 119-126.
Rohini, D. R. N. S. (2012). Management of anxiety in the parents of children with special needs through positive therapy. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2, 75-91.
Sakakura, K., Ishikawa, J., Okuno, M., Shimada, K., & Kario, K. (2007). Exaggerated ambulatory blood pressure variability is associated with cognitive dysfunction in the very elderly and quality of life in the younger elderly. American Journal of Hypertension, 20, 720-727.
Saloviita, T., Itallina, M., & Leinonen, E. (2003). Explaining the parental stress of fathers and mothers caring for a child with intellectual disability: A double ABC X model. Intellectual Disability Research, 47, 300-312.
Sheehy, R., & Horan, J. J. (2004). The effects of stress inoculation training for first year law student. International Journal of Stress Management, 11, 41-55.
Shieve, L. A., Blumberg, S. J., Rice, C., Visser, S. N., & Boyle, C. (2007). The relationship between autism and parenting stress. Pediatric, 119, 114-121.
Van Leeuwen, M. C., Post, W. M., Van Asbeck, W. F., Vander Woude, H. V., Groot, S., & Lindeman, E. (2010). Social support and life satisfaction in spinal cord injury during and up to one year after inpatient rehabilitation. Journal of Psychology, 42, 265-271.
Williams J., Steel, C., & Gregory, B. (2003). Parental anxiety and quality of life in children with epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior, 4, 483-486.
Zaidman-Zait, A. (2007). Parent of disabled children burn-out too: Coun-seling parents of disabled of children on stress management. Interventional Journal for Advancement of Counseling, 33, 107-118.