This paper explores the nature and causes of social exclusion of the NGOs’ activities in Bangladesh. Data gathered from two NGOs (Proshika and Practical Action Bangladesh) working for the socio-economic development in Bangladesh. The paper shows that now a day the NGOs’ target groups and services have been specified to the people who are able to return back their micro-credit. As a result many people are now being excluded from NGO services who are known as ‘ultra poor’. The findings of this paper show that many blacksmiths and goldsmiths were out of services from both NGOs rather the NGOs selected purposeful target groups, replicate of program, and their short-term development approach, high-flying profile, rent seeking attitude, monolithic development approach, lack of accountability, complex loan procedure and high interest rate, and cut-off budget from their development project were helpful for such kind of social exclusion. The paper argues that that without inclusion of such groups of people, the overall socio-economic development would not be possible.
Ahmad, Q. K. (2009). Key note address – Regional conference on inclusive development and climate justice in South Asia. Organized by Bangladesh Unnayan Parishad (BUP) under the auspices of Imagine a new South Asia, supported by ActionAid, Dhaka.
Bank for International Cooperation (2007). Poverty profile People’s Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka. Japan Bank for International Coop- eration.
Bebbington, A. (2005). Donor–NGO Relations and representations of livelihood in non-governmental aid chains. World Development, 33, 937-950. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.09.017
Buckland, J. (1998). Social capital and sustainability of NGO inter- mediated development projects in Bangladesh. Community Devel- opment Journal, 33, 236-248.
Buckland, J. (2004). Globalization, NGOs and civil society in Bang- ladesh. In J. L. Chodkiewicz and R. E. Wiest (Eds.), Globalization and community: Canadian perspectives. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba.
Bynner, J. (1998). Use of longitudinal data in the study of social exclusion. OECD: Centre for Educational Research and Innovation. http:// www.oecd.org/dataoecd/20/15/1856691.pdf. (Accessed: 11 October 2010).
Chambers, R. (2004). Ideas for development: Reflecting Frwards’ IDS working paper 238. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies.
Chaudhury, I. A. (2006). Sustainable livelihoods through capacity building and enterprise development, documenting the evidence and lessons learned. Dhaka: Practical Action Bangladesh.
Davis, J. K. (2006). NGOs and development in Bangladesh: Whose sustainability counts? Perth: Murdoch University.
Devine, J. (2003). The paradox of sustainability: Reflections on NGOs in Bangladesh. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 590, 227-242.
DFID (2005). Girls’ education: Towards a better future for all. London: DFID.
Edwards, M. (1999). NGO performance – What breeds success? New evidence from South Asia. World Development, 27, 361-374.
Fatmi, M. N. E., & Islam, M. (2001). Towards a sustainable poverty forming model the proshika approach. In I. Sharif & G. Wood (Eds.), Challenges for second generation microfinance, regulations, su- pervision and resource mobilization. Dhaka: University Press Ltd..
Freiler, C. (2001). From experiences of exclusion to a vision of inclu- sion: What needs to change? Presentation for the CCSD/Laidlaw foundation conference on social inclusion. http://www.ccsd.ca/subsites/inclusion/bp/cf2.htm (Accessed: 10 October 2010).
Fruttero, A., & Gauri, V. (2005). The strategic choices of NGO: Location in rural Bangladesh. The Journal of Development Studies, 41, 759-787. doi:10.1080/00220380500145289
Gauthier, M. (1995). L’exclusion, une notion récurrente au Québec mais peu utiliseée ailleurs en Amérique du Nord. Lien social et politiques - RIAC, 34, 151-156.
Guildford, J. (2000). Making the case for social and economic inclu- sion. Population and Public Health Branch, Atlantic Region, Health Canada. http://www.hcsc.gc.ca/hppb/regions/atlantic/documents/index.html#socil (Accessed: 12 November 2010).
Hendry, C., Brown J., & Defllippi, R. (2000). Regional clustering of high technology-based firms: Opto-electronics in three countries. Regional Studies, 34, 129-144. doi:10.1080/00343400050006050
Holmes, K., & Crossley, M. (2004). Whose knowledge, Whose values? The contribution of local knowledge to education policy processes: A case study of research development initiatives in the small state of Saint Lucia. Compare, 34, 193-208. doi:10.1080/0305792042000214010
Hulme, D. (2000). Protecting and strengthening social capital in order to produce desirable development outcome. Social Development Systems for Coordinated Poverty Eradication, SD Scope Paper No. 4. Bath: Centre for Development Studies, University of Bath.
Hunter, B. (2004). Taming the social capital in hydra? Indigenous poverty, social capital theory and measurement. Discussion paper no. 261/2004 (Canberra, Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Re- search, Australian National University).
IDDC Paper (2009). Make development inclusive. http://www.make- development-inclusive.org/inclusivedevelopment.php?wid=1024&spk= en.
Jackson, A. (2000). Why we don’t have to choose between social justice and economic growth: The myth of the equity/efficiency trade- off. Ottawa: Canadian Council on Social Development.
Kabeer, N. (2005). Is microfinance a ‘magic bullet’ for women’s empowerment? Analysis of findings from South Asia. Economic and Political Weekly, 29.
Kabeer, N. (2006). Poverty, social exclusion and the MDGs: The challenge of ‘durable inequalities’ in the Asian context. Background paper prepared for Asia 2015.
Kay, A. (2005). Social capital, the social economy and community development. Community Development Journal, 41, 160-173. doi:10.1093/cdj/bsi045
Keystone (2006). Downward accountability to ‘beneficiaries’: NGO and donor perspectives. http://www.keystoneaccountability.org/files/ Keystone%20Survey%20Apr%2006%20Final%20Report.pdf (acce- ssed: 11 May 2008).
Kilby, P. (2006). Accountability for empowerment: Dilemmas facing non-governmental organizations. World Development, 34, 951-963. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.11.009
Malecki, E. J. (1998). How development occurs: Local knowledge, social capital, and institutional embeddedness. Paper presented at the Meeting of the Southern Regional Science Association, Savannah.
Maritime Centre of Excellence for Women’s Health (2000). Social and economic inclusion: Will our strategies take us there? Halifax. http://www.acewh.dal.ca/inclusion-preface.htm (Accessed: 114 November 2010).
Mulgan, R. (2003). Holding power to account: accountability in mod- ern democracies. New York: Palgrave.
Nawaz, S. (2004). An evaluation of micro-credit as a strategy to re- duce poverty: A case study of three micro-credit programs in Bangladesh. In: K. Jackson, N. Lewis, S. Adams, et al. (Eds.) Development on the edge (pp. 170-1175). The 4th Biennial Conference of the Aotearoa, New Zealand.
Nel, E., Binns, T., & Motteux, N. (2001). Community-based devel- opment, non-governmental organizations and social capital in post- apartheid South Africa. Annaler Series B, Human Geography, 83, 3-13.
Raphael, D. (2004). Social exclusion and health. Social Determinants of Health Listserv Bulletin, 3.
Rahman, A., & Razzaque, A. (2000). On reaching the hardcore poor: Some evidence on social exclusion in NGO programmes. The Bangladesh Development Studies, 26, 1-35.
Saloojee, A. (2001). Social inclusion, citizenship and diversity. Paper presented at CCSD/Laidlaw Foundation Conference on Social Inclusion.
Shookner, M. (2002). An inclusion lens: Workbook for looking at social and economic exclusion and inclusion. Population and Public Health Branch, Atlantic Region, Health Canada.
Simanowitz, A. (2003). Appraising the poverty outreach of microfi- nance: A review of the cgap poverty assessment tool (PAT). Im- proving the Impacts of Microfinance on Poverty: Action Research Programme, 1, 1-7. http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bistream/23743/1/ op030001.pdf (accessed: 1 August 2008).
Stubbs, P. (2006). Community development in contemporary croatia: Globalization, neo-liberalisation and NGOI-isation. In L. Dominelli (Ed.), Revitalising communities in globalising World (pp. 161-174). London: Ashgate.
Tagicakibau, E. G. (2004). Development-for whom in the pacific? Issues and challenges to globalization and human security at com- munity level. In K. Jackson, N. Lewis, S. Adams, et al. (Eds.) De- velopment on the Edge (pp. 7-12), The Fourth Biennial Conference of the Aotearoa, New Zealand.
Vargas, C. M. (2001). Community development and micro-enterprises: Fostering sustainable development. Sustainable Development, 8, 11- 26. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1719(200002)8:1 3.0.CO;2-7
Wood, G. D. (2003). Staying secure, staying poor: The faustian bar- gain. World Development, 31, 455-473. doi:10.1016/S0305-750X(02)00213-9
Yildiz, N., Kassam, Y., Heel, C. V., et al. (2003). Annual Review 2003, Proshika Kendra, Phase-VI, Social Programme. Dhaka: Proshika.