Superhydrophobic poly(vinylidene fluoride) PVDF - SiO 2 composite membranes with different % of SiO 2 contents were prepared by electrospinning. The surface morphologies of the membranes are characterized by using scanning electron microscopy. The nanofibers in the membranes were stacked in layers to produce fully interconnected pores that resulted in high porosity. The incorporation of SiO 2 into the nanofiber membrane improved the ionic conductivity from 0.2428 × 10 -4 Scm -1 to 7 . 731 × 10 -4 Scm -1 at room temperature. The surface roughness of the membranes increased with increasing the SiO 2 content, while the average diameter of nanofibers was rarely affected. Superhydrophobic PVDF membrane with a contact angle larger than 136° was prepared by the electrospinning of the SiO 2 functionalized PVDF. The surface composition of the membranes is analyzed by using FTIR and the contact angles and water drops on the surface of the membrane are measured. The contact angle experimental results of PVDF - SiO 2 composite membranes showed an improvement of hydrophobicity with % of nano SiO 2 .
J. Y. Xi, X. P. Qiu, X. Z. Tang, W. T. Zhu and L. Q. Chen, “PVDF-PEO Blends Based Microporous Polymer Electrolyte: Effect of PEO on Pore Configurations and Ionic Conductivity,” Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 157, No. 1, 2006, pp. 501-506. doi:10.1016/2005.08.009
Z. Gadjourova, Y. G. Andreev, D. P. Tunstall and P. G. Bruce, “Ionic Conductivity in Crystalline Polymer Electrolytes,” Nature, Vol. 412, 2001, p. 520. doi:10.1038/35087538
C. Wang, T. Sakai, O. Watanabe, K. Hirahara and T. Nakanishi, “All Solid-State Lithium-Polymer Battery Using a Self-cross-Linking Polymer Electrolyte,” Journal of Electrochemical Society, Vol. 150, No. 9, 2003, pp. 1166-1170. doi:10.1149/1.1593652
Z. Wang and Z .Tang, “Characterization of the Polymer Electrolyte Based on the Blend of Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) and Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) for Lithium Ion Battery,” Materials Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 82, No. 1, 2003 pp. 16-20.
J. W. Choi, J. H. Kim, G. Cheruvally, J. H. Ahn, K. W. Kim, H. J. Ahn and J. U. Kim, “Microporous Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium/Sulfur Cells,” Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 12, No. 6, 2006, pp. 939-949.
W. H. Ru, X. M. He, L. Wang, C. Y. Jiang and C. R. Wan, “Preparation of PVDF-HFP Microporous Membrane for Li-Ion Batteries by Phase Inversion,” Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 272, No. 1-2, 2006, pp. 11-14.
G. Srinivasan and D. H. Reneker, “Structure and Morphology of Small Diameter Electrospun Aramid Fibres,” Polymer International, Vol. 36, 1995, pp. 195-201. doi:10.1002/pi.1995.210360210
D. Adam, “A Fine Set of Threads,” Nature, Vol. 411, 2001, p. 236. doi:10.1038/35077170
S. W. Lee, S. W. Choi, S. M. Jo, B. D. Chin, D. Y. Kim and K. Y. Lee, “Electrochemical Properties and Cycle Performance of Electrospun Poly(vinylidene fluoride)Based Fibrous Membrane Electrolytes for Li-Ion Polymer Battery,” Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 163, No. 1, 2006, pp. 41-46. doi./10.1016/2005.11.102
P. Raghvan, J. W. Choi, J. H. Ahn, G. Cheruvally, G. S. Chauhan, H. J. Ahn and C. W. Nah, “Novel Electrospu Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene)-in Situ SiO2 Composite Membrane-Based Polymer Electrolyte for Lithium Batteries,” Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 184, No. 2, 2008, pp. 437-443.
H. R. Jung, D. H. Ju, W. J. Lee, X. Zhang and R. Kotek, “Electrospun Hydrophilic Fumed Silica/Polyacrylonitrile Nanofiber-Based Composite Electrolyte Membranes,” Electrochim Acta, Vol. 54, No. 13, 2009, pp. 3630-3637. doi:10.1016/j2009.01.039
P. Raghavan, X. Zhao, J. K. Kim, J. Manuel, G. S. Chauhan, J. H. Ahn and C. W. Nah, “Ionic Conductivity and Electrochemical Properties of Nanocomposite Polymer Electrolytes Based on Electrospun Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) with Nano-Sized Ceramic Fillers,” Electrochim Acta, Vol. 54, No. 2, 2008, pp. 228-234.
S. H. Chung, Y. Wang, L. Persi, F. S. Croce, G. Greenbaum, B. Scrosati and E. Plichta, “Enhancement of Ion Transport in Polymer Electrolytes by Addition of Nanoscale Inorganic Oxides,” Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 97-98, 2001, pp. 644-648. doi./10.1016/S0378-7753(01)00748-0
G. Jiang, S. Maeda, H. Yang, Y. Saito, S. Tanase and T. Sakai, “All Solid-State Lithium-Polymer Battery Using Poly(urethane acrylate)/Nano-SiO2 Composite Electrolytes,” Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 141, No. 1, 2005, pp.143-148.
Y. Liu, J. Y. Lee and L. Hong, “Functionalized SiO2 in Poly(ethylene oxide)-Based Polymer Electrolytes,” Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 109, No. 2, 2002, pp. 507-514. doi:10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00167-2
C. Y. Chiang, Y. J. Shen, M. J. Reddy and P. P. Chu, “Complexation of Poly(vinylidene fluoride): LiPF6 Solid Polymer Electrolyte with Enhanced Ion Conduction in ‘Wet’ Form,” Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 123, No. 2, 2003, pp. 222-229. doi:10.1016/S0378-7753(03)00514-7
N. S. Mohamed and A. K. Arof, “Investigation of Electrical and Electrochemical Properties of PVDF-Based Polymer Electrolytes,” Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 132, No. 1-2, 2004, pp. 229-234. doi:10.1016/.2003.12.031
M. Oliver, “Blended Polymer Gel Electrolytes,” US Patent No. 5658685, 1997.
Y. J. Kim, C. H. Ahn, M. B. Lee and M. S. Choi, “Characteristics of Electrospun PVDF/SiO2 Composite Nanofiber Membranes as Polymer Electrolyte,” Journal of Materials Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 127, No. 1-2, 2011, pp. 137-142. doi:10.1016/S0254-0584(01)00400
A. I. Gopalan, K. P. Lee, K. M .Manesh and P. Santhosh, “Poly(vinylidene fluoride)-Polydiphenylamine Composite Electrospun Membrane as High Performance Polymer Electrolyte for Lithium Batteries,” Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 318, No. 1-2, 2008, pp. 422-428. doi:10.1016/2008.03.007
K. P. Lee, A. I. Gopalan, K. M. Manesh, P. Santhosh and K. S. Kim, “Influence of Finely Dispersed Carbon Nanotubes on the Performance Characteristics of Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries,” IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology, Vol. 6, No. 3, 2007, pp. 362-367.
G. Cheruvally, J. K. Choi J. W. Kim, J. H. Ahn, Y. J. Shin, J. Manuel, P. Raghavan, K. W. Kim, H. J. Ahn, D. S. Choi and C. E. Song, “Electrospun Polymer Membrane Activated with Room Temperature Ionic Liquid: Novel Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries,” Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 172, No. 2, 2007, pp. 863-869. doi:10.1016/2007.07.057
S. W. Choi, J. R. Kim, Y. R. Ahn, S. M. Jo and E. J. Cairns, “Characterization of Electrospun PVDF FiberBased Polymer Electrolytes,” Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 19, No. 1, 2007, pp. 104-115. doi:10.1021/cm060223+
X. Li, G. Cheruvally, J. K. Kim, J. W. Choi, J. H. Ahn, K. W. Kim and H. J. Ahn, “Polymer Electrolytes Based on an Electrospun Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoro propylene) Membrane for Lithium Batteries,” Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 167, No. 2, 2007, pp. 491-498.
K. Gao, X. Hu, C. Dai and T. Yi, “Crystal Structures of Electrospun PVDF Membranes and Its Separator Application for Rechargeable Lithium Metal Cells,” Materials Science Engineering B, Vol. 131, No. 1-3, 2006, pp. 100105. doi:10.1016/2006.03.035
J. K. Kim, G. Cheruvally, X. Li, J. H. Ahn, K. W. Kim and H. J. Ahn, “Preparation and Electrochemical Characterization of Electrospun, Microporous Membrane-Based Composite Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries,” Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 178, No. 2, 2008, pp. 815-820. doi:10.1016/2007.08.063
E. Lugscheider and K. Bobzin, “Wettability of PVD Compound Materials by Lubricants,” Surface & Coating Technology, Vol. 165, No. 1, 2003, pp. 51-57. doi:10.1016/S0257-8972(02)00724-7
S. Rajendran, O. Mahendran and R. Kannan, “Lithium Ion Conduction in Plasticized PMMA-PVDF Polymer Blend Electrolytes,” Materials Chemistry & Physics, Vol. 74, No. 1, 2002, pp. 52-57. doi:10.1016/S0254-0584(01)00400