Minimal access surgery (MAS) includes conventional minimally invasive laparoscopic and thoracoscopic surgery, single incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) and natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES). An end of the evolution of MAS is not foreseeable, but there are still limitations. In the most common fields of intestinal surgery (cholecystectomy, appendectomy, colo-rectal resection) limitations of MAS shook dogma for surgical strategy and procedure. Automation units and telesurgical systems try to assist the surgical action. Remaining limitations are caused by lack of tactile sense and spatial awareness. With expanding application of minimal access technique in surgery the need for navigation assistance will increase. Future expansion is basically reliant on the feasibility of navigated surgery. Navigation must respect the problems of organ shift and realise continuous localisation of the surgical target as well as spatial orientation of surgical instruments and camera view.
KeywordsMinimal Access Surgery Navigation
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G. Graschew, T. A. Roelofs, S. Rakowsky and P. M. Schlag, “Interactive Telemedicine as a Tool to Avoid a Digital Divide in the World,” Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, Vol. 103, 2004, pp. 150-156.
K. Moorthy, Y. Munz, A. Dosis, J. Hernandez, S. Martin, F. Bello, T. Rockall and A. Darzi, “Dexterity Enhancement with Robotic Surgery,” Surgical Endoscopy, Vol. 18, No. 5, 2004, pp. 790-795. doi:10.1007/s00464-003-8922-2
J. Bonatti, T. Schachner, N. Bonaros, A. Oehlinger, M. Danzmayr, E. Rutzler, O. Bernecker, J. Margreiter, C. Velik-Salchner, G. Friedrich, P. Jonetzko and G. Laufer, “Ongoing Procedure Development in Robotically Assisted Totally Endoscopic Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (TECAB),” Heart Surgery Forum, Vol. 8, No. 4, 2005, pp. E287-E291. doi:10.1532/HSF98.20051126
G. Jacobsen, F. Elli and S. Horgan, “Robotic Surgery Update,” Surgical Endoscopy, Vol. 18, No. 8, 2004, pp. 1186-1191. doi:10.1007/s00464-003-8281-z
S. Beller, M. Hünerbein and P. Schlag, “Robotik in der Viszeralchirurgie,” Jahrbücher zur Medizin—Chirurgie, 2005, pp. 39-54.
S. Beller, M. Hünerbein and P. Schlag, “Computer-Und Roboter-Assistierte Viszeralchirurgie—Status quo und Perspektiven,” Viszeralchirurgie, 2006, pp. 145-152. doi:10.1055/s-2006-933431
S. Beller, “Recent Significance of Mechatronic Support Systems in General Surgery,” 2. Workshop für Medizinische Robotik, Navigation und Visualisierung— Remagener Physiktage, 2007.
M. Cartellieri, J. Kremser and F. Vorbeck, “Comparison of Different 3D Navigation Systems by a Clinical User,” European Archives of Otorhinolaryngology, Vol. 258, 2001, pp. 38-41. doi:10.1007/s004050000302
F. Gebhard, A. Weidner, U. C. Liener, U. Stockle and M. Arand, “Navigation at the spine,” Injury, Vol. 35, Suppl. 1, 2004, pp. S-45. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2004.05.009
P. Grunert, K. Darabi, J. Espinosa and R. Filippi, “Computer-Aided Navigation in Neurosurgery,” Neurosurgical Review, Vol. 26, No. 2, 2003, pp. 73-99. doi:10.1007/s10143-003-0262-0
R. Seeberger, G. Kane, J. Hoffmann and G. Eggers, “Accuracy Assessment for Navigated Maxillo-Facial Surgery Using an Electromagnetic Tracking Device,” Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Vol. 40, 2012, pp. 156-161. doi:10.1016/j.jcms.2011.03.003
M. J. Tormenti, D. B. Kostov, P. A. Gardner, A. S. Kanter, R. M. Spiro and D. O. Okonkwo, “Intraoperative Computed Tomography Image-Guided Navigation for Posterior Thoracolumbar Spinal Instrumentation in Spinal Deformity Surgery,” Neurosurgical Focus, Vol. 28, 2010, p. E11. doi:10.3171/2010.1.FOCUS09275
P. W. Willems, J. W. van der Sprenkel, C. A. Tulleken, M. A. Viergever and M. J. Taphoorn, “Neuronavigation and Surgery of Intracerebral Tumours,” Journal of Neurology, Vol. 253, No. 9, 2006, pp. 1123-1136. doi:10.1007/s00415-006-0158-3
C. Trantakis, M. Tittgemeyer, J. P. Schneider, D. Lindner, D. Winkler, G. Strauss and J. Meixensberger, “Investigation of Time-Dependency of Intracranial Brain Shift and Its Relation to the Extent of Tumor Removal Using Intra-Operative MRI,” Neurological Research, Vol. 25, No. 1, 2003, pp. 9-12. doi:10.1179/016164103101200923
M. M. Bonsanto, A. Staubert, C. R. Wirtz, V. Tronnier and S. Kunze, “Initial Experience with an Ultrasound-Integrated Single-RACK Neuronavigation System,” Acta Neurochirurgica (Wien.), Vol. 143, No. 11, 2001, pp. 1127-1132. doi:10.1007/s007010100003
K. Gavaghan, T. Oliveira-Santos, M. Peterhans, M. Reyes, H. Kim, S. Anderegg and S. Weber, “Evaluation of a Portable Image Overlay Projector for the Visualisation of Surgical Navigation Data: Phantom Studies,” International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery, 2011. doi:10.1007/s11548-011-0660-7
J. Schwaiger, M. Markert, N. Shevchenko and T. C. Lueth, “The Effects of Real-Time Image Navigation in Operative Liver Surgery,” International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery, Vol. 6, 2011, pp. 785-796. doi:10.1007/s11548-011-0557-5
F. Volonte, F. Pugin, P. Bucher, M. Sugimoto, O. Ratib and P. Morel, “Augmented Reality and Image Overlay Navigation with OsiriX in Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgery: Not Only a Matter of Fashion,” Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences, Vol. 18, No. 4, 2011, pp. 506-509. doi:10.1007/s00534-011-0385-6
S. S. Chopra, M. Hunerbein, S. Eulenstein, T. Lange, P. M. Schlag and S. Beller, “Development and Validation of a Three Dimensional Ultrasound Based Navigation System for Tumor Resection,” European Journal of Surgical Oncology, Vol. 34, No. 4, 2008, pp. 456-461. doi:10.1016/j.ejso.2007.07.011
T. Lange, M. Hunerbein, S. Eulenstein, S. Beller and P. M. Schlag, “Development of Navigation Systems for Image-Guided Laparoscopic Tumor Resections in Liver Surgery,” Recent Results in Cancer Research, Vol. 167, 2006, pp. 13-36. doi:10.1007/3-540-28137-1_2
R. Marvik, T. Lango, G. A. Tangen, F. Lindseth, Y. Yavuz and T. A. Nagelhus Hernes, “Image-Guided Laparoscopic Surgery. Review and Current Status,” Minerva Chirurgica, Vol. 60, No. 5, 2005, pp. 305-325.
R. Marvik, T. Lango, G. A. Tangen, J. O. Andersen, J. H. Kaspersen, B. Ystgaard, E. Sjolie, R. Fougner, H. E. Fjosne and T. A. Nagelhus Hernes, “Laparoscopic Navigation Pointer for Three-Dimensional Image-Guided Surgery,” Surgical Endoscopy, Vol. 18, No. 8, 2004, pp. 1242-1248. doi:10.1007/s00464-003-9190-x
M. Peterhans, B. A. vom, B. Dagon, D. Inderbitzin, C. Baur, D. Candinas and S.Weber, “A Navigation System for Open Liver Surgery: Design, Workflow and First Clinical Applications,” International Journal of Medical Robotics, Vol. 7, 2011, pp. 7-16. doi:10.1002/rcs.360
S. Beller, S. Eulenstein, T. Lange, M. Hunerbein and P. M. Schlag, “Upgrade of an Optical Navigation System with a Permanent Electromagnetic Position Control: A First Step towards ‘navigated control’ for liver surgery,” Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Vol. 16, No. 2, 2009, pp. 165-170. doi:10.1007/s00534-008-0040-z
S. Beller, M. Hunerbein, S. Eulenstein, T. Lange and P. M. Schlag, “Feasibility of Navigated Resection of Liver Tumors Using Multiplanar Visualization of Intraoperative 3-Dimensional Ultrasound Data,” Annals of Surgery, Vol. 246, No. 2, 2007, pp. 288-294. doi:10.1097/01.sla.0000264233.48306.99
S. Beller, M. Hunerbein, T. Lange, S. Eulenstein, B. Gebauer and P. M. Schlag, “Image-Guided Surgery of Liver Metastases by Three-Dimensional Ultrasound-Based Optoelectronic Navigation,” British Journal of Surgery, Vol. 94, No. 7, 2007, pp. 866-875. doi:10.1002/bjs.5712
T. Lango, G. A. Tangen, R. Marvik, B. Ystgaard, Y. Yavuz, J. H. Kaspersen, O. V. Solberg and T. A. Hernes, “Navigation in Laparoscopy—Prototype Research Platform for Improved Image-Guided Surgery,” Minimally Invasive Therapy & Allied Technologies, Vol. 17, No. 1, 2008, pp. 17-33. doi:10.1080/13645700701797879
B. Edwin, A. Nordin and A. M. Kazaryan, “Laparoscopic Liver Surgery: New Frontiers,” Scandinavian Journal of Surgery, Vol. 100, 2011, pp. 54-65.
G. S. Shetty, Y. K. You, H. J. Choi, G. H. Na, T. H. Hong and D. G. Kim, “Extending the Limitations of Liver Surgery: Outcomes of Initial Human Experience in a High-Volume Center Performing Single-Port Laparoscopic Liver Resection for Hepatocellular Carcinoma,” Surgical Endoscopy, 2012 (Epub. 2011).
H. J. Zeh, A. H. Zureikat, A. Secrest, M. Dauoudi, D. Bartlett and A. J. Moser, “Outcomes after Robot-Assisted Pancreaticoduodenectomy for Periampullary Lesions,” Annals of Surgery Oncology, 2012 (Epub. 2011).
J. O. Wee and C. R. Morse, “2011 Minimally Invasive Thoracic Surgery Summit: Minimally Invasive Ivor Lewis Esophagectomy,” Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2012 (Epub 2011).
K. Maas, S. Biere, P. D. An der and M. Cuesta, “Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy: Current Status and Future Direction,” Surgical Endoscopy, 2012 (Epub 2011).
V. Karimyan, F. Orihuela-Espina, D. R. Leff, J. Clark, M. Sodergren, A. Darzi and G. Z. Yang, “Spatial Awareness in Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) Navigation,” International Journal of Surgery, 2012 (Epub 2011).