Efforts to find an ideal model for pancreatitis date back to 1960’s. Many models are suggested since then. Every model has its own advantages and disadvantages. Some of these models test etiology while others simulate the complications of pancreatitis. An ideal model which by itself demonstrates all aspects of pancreatitis including systemic changes is yet to be described. In this review we tried to gather the basic, easy to construct models.
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C. Niederau, R. Lüthen, M. C. Niederau, J. H. Grendell and L. D. Ferrell, “Acute Experimental Hemorrhagic- Necrotizing Pancreatitis Induced by Feeding a Choline-Deficient, Ethionine-Supplemented Diet. Methodology and standards,” European Surgical Research, Vol. 24, No. (Suppl. 1), 1992, pp. 40-54.
T. Mizunuma, S. Kawamura and Y. Kishino, “Effects of Injecting Excess Arginine on Rat Pancreas,” Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 114, No. 3, 1984, pp. 467-471.
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T. Takacs, L. Czako, E. Morschl, et al., “The Role of Nitric Oxide in Edema Formation in L-Arginine-Induced Acute Pancreatitis,” Pancreas, Vol. 25, No. 3, 2002, pp. 277-282.
L. Czako, T. Takacs, I. S. Varga, et al., “Involvement of Oxygen-Derived Free Radicals in L-Arginine-Induced Acute Pancreatitis,” Digestive Disease Sciences, Vol. 43, No. 8, 1998, pp. 1770-1777.
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A. Tardini, P. Anversa, C. Bordi, G. Bertaccini and M. Impicciatore, “Ultrastructural and Biochemical Changes after Marked Caerulein Stimulation of the Exocrine Pancreas in the Dog,” American Journal of Pathology, Vol. 62, No. 1, 1971, pp. 35-47.
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M. L. Steer, J. Meldoresi and C. Figarella, “Pancreatitis: The Role of Lysosomes,” Digestive Disease Sciences, Vol. 29, No. 10, 1984, pp. 934-938.
G. Adler, C. Hahn, H. F. Kem and K. N. Rao, “Cerulein- Induced Panereatitis in Rats: Increased Lysosomal Enzyme Activity and Autophagocytosis,” Digestion, Vol. 32, No. 1, 1985, pp. 10-18.
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K. S. Guice, D. E. Miller, K. T. Oldham, C. M. Townsend, Jr. and J. C. Thompson, “Superoxide Dismutase and Catalase. A Possible Role in Established Panereatitis,” American Journal of Surgery, Vol. 151, No. 1, 1986, pp. 163-169.
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J. R. Wisner and I. G. Renner, “Allopurinol Attenuates Caerulein Induced Acute Pancreatitis in the Rat,” Gut, Vol. 29, No. 7, 1988, pp. 926-929.
Z. Devenyl, J. L. Orchard and R. E. Powers, “Xanthine Oxidase Activitiy in Mouse Pancreas: Effects of Cae- rulein-Induced Acute Pancreatitis,” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, Vol. 149, No. 3, 1987, pp. 841-845.
C. Niderau, L. Ferrel and J. H. Grendell, “Caerulein- Induced Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis in Mice: Protectjve Effects of Proglumide, Benztript and Secretin,” Gastroenterology, Vol. 88, No. 5, 1985, pp. 1192-1204.
H. Yamaguchi, T. Kimura and H. Nawata, “Does Stress Play a Role in the Development of Severe Pancreatitiis in Rats?” Gastroenterology, Vol. 98, No. 6, 1990, pp. 1682- 1688.
K. A. Zucker, T. E. Thomas, J. E. Sussman and I. M. Modlin, “New Potent Cholecystokinine Antagonists Block Cerulein Induced Pancreatitis,” Surgery Forum, Vol. 28, No. 4, 1987, pp. 142-144.
B. A. Neuschwander-Tetri, L. D. Ferrell, R. J. Sukhabote and J. H. Grendell, “Glutathione Monoethy Ester Ameliorates Caerulein-Induced Pancreatiti in the Mouse,” Journal of Clinical Investigation, Vol. 89, No. 6, 1992, pp. 109-116.
G. Ohshio, A. Saluja and M. L. Steer, “Effects of Short- Term Pancreatic Duct Obstruction in Rats,” Gastroenterology, Vol. 100, No. 1, 1991, pp. 196-202.
M. M. Lerch, A. K. Saluja, M. Runzi, et al., “Pancreatic Duct Obstruction Triggers Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis in the Opossum,” Gastroenterology, Vol. 104, No. 3, 1993, pp. 853-861.
K. Yoshinaga, M. Washizuka and Y. Segawa, “Cholecystokinin Acts as an Essential Factor in the Exacerbation of Pancreatic Bile Duct Ligation-Induced Rat Pancreatitis Model Under Non-Fasting Condition,” Japanese Journal of Pharmacology, Vol. 84, No. 1, 2000, pp. 44-50.
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D. W. Elliot, R. D. Williams and R. M. Zollinger, “Alterations in the Pancreatic Resistance to Bile in the Pathogenesis of Acute Pancreatitis,” Annals of Surgery, Vol. 146, No. 4, 1975, pp. 669-682.
A. E. Dumont and A. B. Martelli, “Pathogenesis of Pancreatic Edema Following Exocrine Duct Obstruction,” Annals of Surgery, Vol. 168, No. 2, 1968, pp. 302-309.
A. Churg and W. R. Richter, “Early Changes in the Exocrine Pancreas of the Dog and Rat after Ligation of the Pancreatic Duct. A Light and Electron Microscopy Study,” American Journal of Pathology, Vol. 63, No. 3, 1971, pp. 521-526.
T. Tsuzuki, N. Watanabe and A. P. Thal, “The Effect of Obstruction of the Pancreatic Duct and Acute Alcoholism on Pancreatic Protein Synthesis,” Surgery, Vol. 57, 1965, pp. 724-729.
A. Saluja, M. Saluja, A. Villa, P. Rutledge, J. Meldoresi and M. Steer, “Pancreatic Duct Obstruction in Rabbits Causes Digestive Zymogen and Lysosomal Enzyme Colocalization,” Journal of Clinical Investigation, Vol. 84, No. 4, 1989, pp. 1260-1266.
M. Hauer Jensen, M. Christensen, H. D. Wilson and H. P. Schedel, “Intestinal Disaccharidase Acitivity Following Pancreatic Duct Occlusion in the Rat,” Pancreas, Vol. 2, No. 3, 1987, pp. 295-302.
N. Senninger, F. G. Moody, D. H. Van Buren, J. C. U. Coelco and Y. F. Li, “Effect of Biliary Obstruction on Pancreatic Exocrine Secretion in Conscious Opossums,” Surgery Forum, Vol. 35, 1984, pp. 226-228.
M. M. Lerch, A. K. Saluja, R. Dawra, P. Ramarao, M. Saluja and M. L. Steer, “Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis in the Opossum: Earliest Morphological Changes Involve Acinar Cells,” Gastroenterology, Vol. 103, No. 1, 1992, pp. 205-213.
M. M. Lerch, A. K. Saluja, M. Rünzi, R. Dawra, M. Saluja and M. L. Steer, “Pancreatic Duct Obstruction Triggers Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis in the Opossum,” Gastroenterology, Vol. 104, No. 5, 1993, pp. 853-861.
J. C. Austin, C. Roberts, M. J. Rosenhottz and H. A. Reber, “Effects of Partial Duct Obstruction and Drainage on Pancreatic Function,” Journal of Surgical Research, Vol. 28, No. 5, 1980, pp. 426-433.
P. Saharia, S. Margolis, G. D. Zuidema and J. L. Cameron, “Acute Pancreatitis with Hyperlipidemia: Studies with an Isolated Perfused Canine Pancreas,” Surgery, Vol. 82, No. 1, 1977, pp. 60-67.
M. G. San, G. B. Bulkley and J. L. Cameron, “The Role of Leukocytes in the Production of Oxygen Derived Free Radicals in Acute Experimental Pancreatitis,” Surgery, Vol. 101, No. 3, 1987, pp. 292-296.
H. Sanfey, G. B. Bulkley and J. L. Cameron, “The Source and Role of Oxygen-Derived Free Radicals in Three Different Experimental Models,” Annals of Surgery, Vol. 201, No. 5, 1985, pp. 633-639.
P. Broe and J. Cameron, “Experimental Gallstone Pancreatitis. Pathogenesis and Response to Different Treatment Modalities,” Annals of Surgery, Vol. 195, No. 5, 1982, pp. 566-573.
T. Kimura, G. Zuidema and J. L. Cameron, “Acute Pancreatitis: Experimental Evaluation of Sreroid, Albumin and Trasyiol Therapy,” Annals of Surgery, Vol. 140, 1980, pp. 403-408.
H. Sanfey and J. L. Cameron, “Experimental Pancreatitis. Treatment with Osmotically Active Agents,” Surgery Forum, Vol. 33, 1982, pp. 216-217.
H. Sanfey, G. Bulkley and J. L. Cameron, “The Role of Oxygen-Derived Free Radicals in the Pathogenesis of Acute Pancreatitis,” Annals of Surgery, Vol. 200, No. 4, 1984, pp. 405-413.
M. G. Sarr, G. B. Bulkley and J. L. Cameron, “Temporal Efficacy of Allopurinol during the Induction of Pancreatitis in the Ex Vivo Perfused Canine Pancreas,” Surgery, Vol. 101, No. 3, 1987, pp. 342-346.
I. H. Nordback, J. L. Olson, V. P. Chacko and J. L. Cameron, “Detailed Characterization of Experimental Acute Alcoholic Pancreatitis,” Surgery, Vol. l, 1995, pp. 41-49.
H. Sanfey, P. Broe and J. L. Cameron, “Experimental Ischemic Pancreatitis: Treatment with Albumin,” American Journal of Surgery, Vol. 150, No. 3, 1985, pp. 297- 300.
J. A. Clemens, J. Olson and J. L. Cameron, “Cerulein- Infused Pancreatitis in the Ex Vivo Isolated Perfused Canine Pancreas,” Surgery, Vol. 109, 1991, pp. 515-532.
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M. L. Steer, “Workshop on Pancreatitis,” Digestive Disease Sciences, Vol. 30, No. 6, 1985, pp. 575-581.
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H. A. Reber, C. Roberts and L. W. Way, “The Pancreatic Mucosal Duct Barrier,” American Journal of Surgery, Vol. 137, No. 1, 1979, pp. 128-134.
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H. Waldner, “Vascular Mechanisms to Induce Acute Pancreatitis,” European Surgical Research, Vol. 24, No. (Suppl. 1), 1992, pp. 62-67.
R. B. Pfeffer, A. Lazzarini-Robertson, D. Safadi, Jr., G. Mixter, C. F. Secoy, Jr. and J. W. Himon, “Gradation of Pancreatitis: Edermatous through Hemorrhagic, Experimentally Produced by Controlled Injection of Microspheres into Blood Vessels in Dogs,” Surgery, Vol. 51, 1962, pp. 564-569.
D. A. Dreiling, M. Koller and C. H. Su, “Vascular Pancreatitis: A Neglected Disorder,” Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, Vol. 53, No. 3, 1986, pp. 482-484.
S. Sjovall, T. Holmin, A. Evander, et al., “Splenic and Gastro-Duodenal Vein Occlusion Influence on the Pancreatic Gland and on the Outcome of Experimental Pancreatitis,” International Journal of Pancreatology, Vol. 3, 1988, pp. 143-149.
A. Barzilai, B. J. Ryback, J. A. Medina, et al., “The Morphological Changes of the Pancreas in Hypovolemic Shock and the Effect of Pretreatment with Steroids,” International Journal of Pancreatology, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1987, pp. 23-32.
H. Waldner, “Vascular Mechanisms to Induce Acute Pancreatitis,” European Surgical Research, Vol. 24, No. (Suppl. 1), 1992, pp. 62-67.
O. Kaplan, T. Kushnir, U. Sandbank and G. Navon, “Acute Pancreatitis in Rats: A 31P Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study,” Journal of Surgical Research, Vol. 45, 1987, pp. 172-178.
H. Paran, A. Mayo, D. Kidron, G. Sivak, T. Reshef, T. Vider, O. Ziv and U. Freund, “Experimental Acute Necrotising Pancreatitis: Evaluation and Characterisation of a Model of Intraparenchymal Injection of Sodium Taurocholate in Rats,” European Surgical Research, Vol. 166, No. 11, 2000, pp. 894-898.