Effect of Energy Consumption on Human Development in the Countries of the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (EMCCA) — Oak Academic Publishing
Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
Effect of Energy Consumption on Human Development in the Countries of the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (EMCCA)
Faculty of Economic Sciences, Laboratory of Economic and Social Research and Studies, Brazzaville, Congo
,
Faculty of Economic Sciences, Laboratory of Economic and Social Research and Studies, Brazzaville, Congo
1 Faculty of Economic Sciences, Laboratory of Economic and Social Research and Studies, Brazzaville, Congo
2 Faculty of Economic Sciences, Laboratory of Economic and Social Research and Studies, Brazzaville, Congo
The purpose of this article is to analyze the effects of energy consumption on human development in the EMCCA over the period from 1990 to 2019. An econometric analysis using panel data and particularly the Driscoll-Kraay technique has shown that in EMCCA countries, energy consumption is a factor that improves human development, while renewable energy consumption has a marginal effect on human development. These results imply, on the one hand, the improvement of energy levels in key development sectors and rural areas and, on the other hand, the development of the clean energy sector.
Apergis, N., & Payne, J. E. (2009). Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Central America: Evidence from a Panel Cointegration and Error Correction Model. Energy Economics, 31, 211-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2008.09.002
Bai, J., & Ng, S. (2004). A Panic Attack on Unit Roots and Cointegration. Econometrica, 72, 1127-1177. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0262.2004.00528.x
Becker, G. S., Murphy, K., & Tamura, R. (1990). Human Capital Fertility and Economic Growth. Journal of Political Economy, 93, 512-537. https://doi.org/10.1086/261723
Belke, A., Dreger, C., & de Haan, F. (2010). Energy Consumption and Economic Growth New Insights into the Cointegration Relationship (pp. 1-22). Ruhr Economic Papers No. 190. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1635765
Breitung, J. (2003). Nonparametric Tests for Unit Roots and Cointégration. Journal of Econometrics, 117, 401-404. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(03)00217-3
Chiroleu-Assouline, M. (2001). Le double dividende: Les approches theoriques. Revue Francaise d’Economie, 16, 119-147. https://doi.org/10.3406/rfeco.2001.1510
Choi, I. (2001). Unit Root Tests for Panel Data. Journal of International Money and Finance, 20, 249-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5606(00)00048-6
Driscoll, J., & Kraay, A. C. (1998). Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimation with Spatially Dependent Data. Review of Economics and Statistics, 80, 549-560. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465398557825
George, E. H., & Nickoloas, G. T. (2011). The Effect of Energy Consumption on Economic Growth on Countries Economic Efficiency: A Conditional Nonparametric Approach. MPRA Paper No. 28692.
Georgescu-Roegen, N. (1979). Energy and Matter in Mankind’s Technological Circuit. Journal of Business Administration, 10, 107-127. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1979.tb00819.x
Hadri, K. (2000). Testing for Stationarity in Heterogeneous Panel Data. The Econometrics Journal, 3, 148-161. https://doi.org/10.1111/1368-423X.00043
Hansen, J.-P., & Percebois, J. (2010). Energie (p. 779). Paris: De Boeck.
Hoechle, D. (2007). Robust Standard Errors for Panel Regressions with Cross-Sectional Dependence. The Stata Journal, 7, 281-312. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X0700700301
Hosier, R., & Dowd, J. (1987). Household Fuel Choice in Zimbabwe: An Empirical Test of the Energy Ladder Hypothesis. Resources and Energy, 9, 347-361. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0572(87)90003-X
Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H., & Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels. Journal of Econometrics, 115, 53-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(03)00092-7
Jaruwan, C., Hunt, L. C., & Pierse, R. (2006). Causality between Energy Consumption and GDP: Evidence from 30 OECD and 78 Non-OECD Countries. University of Surrey Department of Economics.
Jumbe, C. (2004). Cointegration and Causality between Electricity Consumption and GDP: Empirical Evidence from Malawi. Energy Economics, 26, 61-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-9883(03)00058-6
Kanagawa, M., & Nakata, T. (2008). Assessment of Access to Electricity and the Socioeconomic Impacts in Rural Areas of Developing Countries. Energy Policy, 36, 2016-2029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.01.041
Kané, C. S. (2009). Demande d’énergie et croissance économique dans l’UEMOA. Revue Africaine De L’intégration, 3, 191-221.
Karekezi, S., McDade, S., Boardman, B., & Kimani, J. (2012). Global Energy Assessment: Toward a Sustainable Future (pp. 151-190). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kazar, G., & Kazar, A. (2014). The Renewable Energy Production—Economic Development Nexus. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 4, 312-319.
Kraft, J., & Kraft, A. (1978). On the Relationship between Energy and GNP. Journal of Energy and Development, 3, 401-403.
Leach, G. (1992). The Energy Transition. Energy Policy, 20, 116-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-4215(92)90105-B
Lékana, H. C., & Ndinga, M. M. A. (2020). Analyse des déterminants de l’intensité énergétique dans les pays membres de la CEMAC. Revuecedres-Etudes-N°69 Séries économie-1er Semestre 2020.
Levin, A. C., Lin, F., & Chu, C. S. J. (2002). Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite-Sample Properties. Journal of Econometrics, 108, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(01)00098-7
Maddala, G. S., & Wu, S. (1999). A Comparative Study of Unit Root Tests with Panel Data and a New Simple Test. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61, 631-652. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.0610s1631
Martinez, D. M., & Ebenhack, B. W. (2008). Understanding the Role of Energy Consumption in Human Development through the Use of Saturation Phenomena. Energy Policy, 36, 1430-1435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2007.12.016
Menegaki, A. N. (2011). Growth and Renewable Energy in Europe: A Random Effect Model with Evidence for Neutrality Hypothesis. Energy Economics, 33, 257-263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2010.10.004
Moon, H., & Perron, B. (2004). Testing for a Unit Root in Panels with Dynamic Factors. Journal of Econometrics, 122, 81-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2003.10.020
Ndinga, M. M. A., Akouele, A. F., & Lekana, H. C. (2017). Effets des savoirs et des connaissances sur la diversification des économies de la Communauté économique et Monétaire de l’Afrique Centrale (CEMAC). Revue Cedres-Etudes-N°64 Séries économie-2ie Semestre 2017.
Newey, W. K., & West, K. D. (1987). A Simple, Positive Semi-Definite, Heteroskedasticity and Autocorrelation Consistent Covariance Matrix. Econometrica, 55, 703-708. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913610
Nguyen, K. H., & Kakinaka, M. (2019). Renewable Energy Consumption, Carbon Emissions, and Development Stages: Some Evidence from Panel Cointegration Analysis. Renewable Energy, 132, 1049-1057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.08.069
Niu, S., Jia, Y., Wang, W., He, R., Hu, L., & Liu, Y. (2013). Electricity Consumption and Human Development Level: A Comparative Analysis Based on Panel Data for 50 Countries. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 53, 338-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2013.05.024
Ongono, P. (2009). Energy Consumption and Economic Performance in Cameroon. Yaounde: University of Yaounde II, Faculty of Economics and Management/MPRA Paper No. 23525. http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/23525
Ouedraogo, N. S. (2013). Energy Consumption and Human Development: Evidence from a Panel Cointegration and Error Correction Model. Energy, 63, 28-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.09.067
Ozokcu, S., & Ozdemir, O. (2017). Regression with Driscoll-Kraay Standard Errors. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 72, 639-647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.059
Pasternak, A. D. (2000). Global Energy Futures and Human Development: A Frameworkfor Analysis. Oak Ridge, TE: US Department of Energy.
Persyn, D., & Westerlund, J. (2008). Error Correction Based Cointegration Tests for Panel Data. Stata Journal, 8, 232-241. http://hdl.handle.net/10536/DRO/DU:30078217 https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X0800800205
Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels. IZA Discussion Paper 1240 and CESifo Working Paper 1229.
Pirlogea, C. (2012). The Human Development Relies on Energy. Panel Data Evidence. Procedia Economics and Finance, 3, 496-501. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(12)00186-4
Sarkodie, S. A., & Strezov, V. (2019). Effect of Foreign Direct Investments, Economic Development and Energy Consumption on Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Developing Countries. Science of the Total Environment, 646, 862-871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.365
Sen, A. (1992). Food and Feedrom. In K. Basu, & P. Nayak (Eds.), Development Policy and Economic Theory (323 p). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sen, A. (1999). Development as Freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sinha, A., & Sen, S. (2016). Atmospheric Consequences of Trade and Human Development: A Case of BRIC Countries. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 7, 980-989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2016.06.003
Solow, R. M. (1956). A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70, 65-94. https://doi.org/10.2307/1884513
Stern, D. I. (2012). Modeling International Trends in Energy Efficiency. Energy Economics, 34, 2200-2208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2012.03.009
UNCTAD (2017). Rapport 2017 sur les pays les moins avancés: L’accès à l’énergie comme vecteur de transformation. Numéro F.17.II.D.6. CNUCED. https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/ldcr2017_fr.pdf
UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) (2015). Universal Access T Modern Energy for the Pool. http://www.undp.org/content/dam/aplaws/publication/en/publications/ environment-energy/www-ee-library/climate-change/undp- and-energy-access-for-the-poor/2593.EnergyAccess_Booklet_Revision02.pdf?download
UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) (2019). Au-delà des revenus, des moyennes et du temps présent: Les inégalités de développement humain au XXIe siècle. New York: One United Nations Plaza. http://www.undp.org
Van Tran, N., Van Tran, Q., Do, L. T. T., Dinh, L. H., & Do, H. T. T. (2019). Trade Off between Environment, Energy Consumption and Human Development: Do Levels of Economic Development Matter? Energy, 173, 483-493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.02.042
Wang, Z., Bui, Q., Zhang, B., Nawarathna, C. L. K., & Mombeui, C. (2020). The Nexus between Renewable Energy Consumption and Human Development in BRICS Countries: The Moderating Role of Public Debt. Renewable Energy, 165, 381-390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.10.144
Wang, Z., Danish, Zhang, B., & Wang, B. (2018). Renewable Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and Human Development Index in Pakistan: Evidence form Simultaneous Equation Model. Journal of Cleaner Production, 184, 1081-1090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.260
Westerlund, J. (2007). Testing for Error Correction in Panel Data. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 69, 709-748. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2007.00477.x