Risk Factors for Viral Non-Suppression among People Living with HIV and Major Depressive Disorder in Uganda

Abstract

Background: Several studies indicate that depression is associated with non-viral suppression among persons living with HIV (PLWH) using antiretroviral therapy (ART) worldwide. However, among PLWH with major depressive disorder, factors associated with non-viral suppression remain uncertain. We determined the prevalence and identified the factors associated with viral non-suppression among PLWH with major depressive disorder using ART in Northern Uganda. Method: A total of 30 primary care HIV clinics across three northern districts (Gulu, Kitgum, Pader) participated in the study. Using baseline data from the SEEK-GSP study, a cluster-randomized trial in northern Uganda (2016-2019) that involved 1140 PLWH with mild to moderate major depressive disorder; we examined the demographic, clinical, and psychosocial factors using standardized questionnaires. Data on viral load was abstracted from clinic records and dichotomized into suppressed (<1000 viral copies/mL) and non-suppressed (≥1000 viral copies/mL). We used generalized linear regression models to evaluate the factors associated with non-viral suppression. Results: We recruited 1140 PLWH. The viral non-suppression prevalence was 12.2%. In multivariable analysis, the only baseline psychosocial variable independently associated with non-viral suppression was suicide risk (PRR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.05 - 2.32, p-value = 0.029). The prevalence odds for non-viral suppression were 56% higher among depressed PLWH with moderate to high suicide risk than those with low suicide risk. Among clinical variables, duration on ART ≥ 4 years was independently associated with non-viral suppression (PRR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.09 - 2.32, p-value = 0.015). Conclusions: Suicide risk and longer duration on ART are associated with non-viral suppression among anti-retroviral therapy users with mild to moderate major depressive disorder in Uganda. As ART is scaled up across Sub-Saharan Africa, first-line psychological care for depression and its complications is urgently needed in established HIV treatment centers.