Results of experimental investigation of detection (rectification) of high power X-band microwave signal in diodes of various design (semiconductor p-n -junction, point-contact, Schottky, Metal-Isolator-Metal — MIM) are reported. The maximum of the detected direct voltage V vs. power P of microwave signal and subsequent polarity reversal, previously found in MIM diodes in the optical and microwave bands, have found to be characteristic of all investigated diodes as well. After the reversal of polarity, this dependence comes linear, and the sign of the voltage corresponds to thermoEMF. In some diodes, the hysteresis on V ( P ) w as observed. All 5 types of V ( P ) of MIM diodes (have made from different pairs of metals), reported earlier, were reproduced on same p-n -junction diode by variable external DC bias. These results joined with abnormal frequency cutoff forced to suggest that there is an unknown mechanism for direct flow of charge carriers (and for generate direct current) in the high-frequency electrical field, which differs from the conventional rectification.
Azad, I., Ram, M.K., Goswami, D.Y. and Stefanakos, E. (2018) Fabrication and Characterization of NiO Based Metal-Insulator-Metal Diode Using Langmuir-Blodgett Method for High Frequency Rectification. AIP Advances, 8, Article ID: 045219. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5034455
Zhao, H., Gao, H., Cao, T. and Li, B. (2018) Efficient Full-Spectrum Utilization, Reception and Conversion of Solar Energy by Broad-Band Nanospiral Antenna. Optics Express, 26, A178-A191. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.26.00A178
Gadalla, M.N., Abdel-Rahman, M. and Shamim, A. (2014) 28.3 THz Nano-Rectenna for Infrared Detection and Rectification. Scientific Reports, 4, Article No. 4270. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep04270
Conley, J.F. and Alimardani, N. (2013) Ch. 6. Impact of Electrode Roughness on Metal-Insulator-Metal (MIM) Diodes and Step Tunneling in Nanolaminate Tunnel Barrier Metal-Insulator-Insulator-Metal (MIIM) Diodes. In: Moddel, G. and Grover, S., Eds., Rectenna Solar Cells, Springer, New York, 111-134. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3716-1_6
Reynaud, C.A., Duché, D., Simon, J.-J., et al. (2020) Rectifying Antennas for Energy Harvesting from the Microwaves to Visible Light: A Review. Progress in Quantum Electronics, 72, 100265-100293. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02895836 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pquantelec.2020.100265
Hesler, J., Prasankumar, R. and Tignon, J. (2019) Advances in Terahertz Solid-State Physics and Devices. Journal of Applied Physics, 126, Article ID: 110401. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5122975
Mescia, L. and Massaro, A. (2014) New Trends in Energy Harvesting from Earth Long-Wave Infrared Emission. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2014, Article ID: 252879. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/252879
Roy, S.K. and Mitra, M. (2006) Microwave Semiconductor Devices. Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi.
Hagerty, J.A. (2003) Nonlinear Circuits and Antennas for Microwave Energy Conversion. PhD Thesis, University of Colorado, Boulder.
Gonibeed, A.K. (2020) Terahertz Diodes: A Review. J. Nano Research, Advanced Materials and Polymer Science, 1, 4.
Watson, H.A. (1969) Microwave Semiconductor Devices and Their Circuit Applications. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
Bayliss, R., Cabrera, E. and Howe, S. (2013) Microwave Diodes… Why a Schottky-Barrier? Why a Point-Contact? http://www.mwrf.com/rf-classics/microwave-diodes-why-schottky-barrier-why-point-contact
Grigoriev, A.D., Ivanov, V.A. and Molokovsky, S.I. (2018) Microwave Electronics. Springer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68891-6
Grover, S. and Moddel, G. (2011) Applicability of Metal/Insulator/Metal (MIM) Diodes to Solar Rectennas. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, 1, 78-83. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2011.2160489
Guff, T. (2016) MOM Devices.
Gustafson, T.K., Schmidt, R.V. and Perucca, J.R. (1974) Optical Detection in Thin-Film Metal-Oxide-Metal Diodes. Applied Physics Letters, 24, 620-622. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1655078
Faris, S., Gustafson, T.K. and Wiesner, J.C. (1973) Detection of Optical and Infrared Radiation with DC-Biased Electron-Tunneling Metal-Barrier-Metal Diodes. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 9, 737-745. https://doi.org/10.1109/JQE.1973.1077721
Kwok, S.P., Haddad, G.I. and Lobov, G. (1971) Metal-Oxide-Metal (MOM) Detector. Journal of Applied Physics, 42, 554-563. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1660062
Pyee, M., Uebersfeld, J., Auvray, J. and Gastaud, C. (1974) Experimental Microwave Study of Metal-to-Metal Point-Contact Diodes. Proceedings of the IEEE, 62, 526-529. https://doi.org/10.1109/PROC.1974.9462
Abdurakhmanov, G., Esbergenova, A. and Reyimbaeva, S. (2021) Anomalies of Frequency Cutoff of Semiconductor Diodes at Microwave. Technical Physics Letters, 47, 5-7. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063785021010028
Sullivan, T.E., Lucas, A.A. and Cutler, P.H. (1977) Comments on Nonlinearity, Response Time and Polarity Reversal in a Thermal Field Emission Metal Whisker Diode. Journal of Applied Physics, 14, 289-294. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00882734
Green, S.I. (1971) Point Contact MOM Tunneling Detector Analysis. Journal of Applied Physics, 42, 1166-1169. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1660161
Green, S.I., Coleman, P.D. and Baird, J.R. (1970) The MOM Electric Tunneling Detector. In: Fox, J., Ed., Proceedings of the Symposium on Submillimeter Waves, Polytech, New York, 369-389.
Asiya, W.X., Ma, J., Osato, T., Zhu, W., Nguyen, K. and Sekiya, H. (2020) Generalized Analysis and Performance Investigation of the Class-E/Fn Rectifiers. IEEE Access, 8, 124145-124157. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3005701
Sze, S.M. (1981) Physics of Semiconductor Device. Wiley, New York.
Conwell, E. (1967) High Field Transport in Semiconductors. Academic Press, New York.
Harrison, R. and Zucker, J. (1963) Microwave Detection and Mixing Using the Thermoelectric Effect of Hot Carriers in Semiconductor. Applied Physics Letters, 3, 153-154. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1753909
Denis, V. and Pojela, Y. (1971) Hot Electrons. Vilnius, Mintis. (In Russian)
Altazin, S., Clerc, R., Gwoziecki, R., et al. (2014) Physics of the Frequency Response of Rectifying Organic Schottky Diodes. Journal of Applied Physics, 115, Article ID: 064509. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4865739
Abdurakhmanov, G. (2018) Some Problems of Physics of the Thermoelectric Phenomena. Uzbek Journal of Physics, 20, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.52304/.v20i1.15
Abdurakhmanov, G., Vokhidova, G. and Mamatkulova, S. (2018) Some Physical Aspects of Solar Energy Conversion. Uzbek Journal of Physics, 20, 173-183. (In Russian)