Introducing a 2^nd Universal Space-Time Constant Can Explain the Observed Age of the Universe and Dark Energy

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce new theoretical concepts as opposed to accepting the existence of dark entities, such as dark energy. This research sought to introduce a 2^nd universal space-time constant, besides having a finite speed constant (<i>speed of light in vacuum c</i>). A finite universal age constant <i>b</i> is introduced. Namely, this paper shows that the changes in the Earth&#8217;s anomalistic year duration over time support the hypothesis of the age of the universe correlating with a maximum number of orbital revolutions constant. Neglecting the gravitational influence of other cosmological entities in the proximity of the Earth, the constant maximum number of revolutions is herewith determined solely by the Earth&#8217;s orbital revolutions around the Sun. The value of the universal age constant <i>b </i>is calculated to be around 13.8 billion orbital revolutions, derived out of an equation related to the changes in the Earth&#8217;s anomalistic year duration over time and the so-called Hubble tension. The above-mentioned calculated value <i>b</i> correlates well with the best fit to measured data of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) by the Planck spacecraft, the age of the observed universe is measured to be approximately 13.787 &#177; 0.020 billion years (2018 final data release). Developing a theory with this 2^nd universal space-time constant <i>b</i>, being covariant with respect to the Lorentz transformations when time spans are large, gives results such as: A confirmation of the measured CMBR value of 13.787 &#177; 0.020 billion years. Correlating well with the observed expansion rate of the universe (dark energy). The universe&#8217;s expansion accelerating over the last four to five billion years.