In this study, occurrence of adiabatic shear bands in AISI 4340 steel under high velocity impact loads is investigated using finite element analysis and experimental tests. The cylindrical steel specimen subjected to impact load was divided into different sections separated by nodes using finite element method in ABAQUS environment with boundary conditions specified. The material properties were assumed to be lower at the section where the adiabatic shear bands are expected to initialize. The finite element model was used to determine the maximum flow stress, the strain hardening, the thermal softening, and the critical strain for the formation of adiabatic shear bands. Experimental results show that deformed bands were formed at low strain rates and there was a minimum strain rate required for formation of transformed band in the alloy. The experimental results also show that cracks were initiated and propagated along transformed bands leading to fragmentation under the impact loading. The susceptibility of the adiabatic shear bands to cracking was markedly influenced by strain-rates. The simulation results obtained were compared with experimental results obtained for the AISI 4340 steel under high strain-rate loading in compression using split impact Hopkinson bars. A good agreement between the experimental and simulation results was obtained.
KeywordsAdiabatic Shear BandFinite Element ModelStrain HardeningThermal SofteningJohnson-Cook ModelAISI 4340 Steel
A. G. Odeshi and M. N. Bassim, “High Strain-Rate Fracture and Failure of High Strength Low Alloy Steel in Compression,” Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 525, No. 1-2, 2009, pp. 96-101. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2009.07.026
H. Feng and M. N. Bassim, “Finite Element Modeling of the Formation of Adiabatic Shear Bands in AISI 4340 Steel,” Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 266, No. 1-2, 1999, pp. 255-260. doi:10.1016/S0921-5093(99)00026-X
S. Kuriyama and M. A. Meyers, “Numerical Modeling of the Propagation of an Adiabatic Shear Band,” Metallurgical Transactions, Vol. 17, No. 3, 1986, pp. 443-450.
A. G. Odeshi, M. N. Bassim and S. Al-Ameeri, “Effect of Heat Treatment on Adiabatic Shear Bands in a High-Strength Low Alloy Steel,” Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 419, No. 1-2, 2006, pp. 69-75. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2005.11.059
T. C. Lee, L. C. Chan and B. J. Wu, “Straining Behaviour in Blanking Process-Fine Blanking vs. Conventional Blanking,” Journal of Materials Processing and Technology, Vol. 48, No. 1-4, 1995, pp. 105-111. doi:10.1016/0924-0136(94)01639-I
V. F. Nesterenko, M. A. Meyers and H. C. Chen, “Shear Localization in High Strain Rate Deformation of Granular Alumina,” Acta Materialia, Vol. 44, No. 5, 1996, pp. 2017-2026.
C. J. Shih, M. A. Meyers and V. F. Nesterenko, “High Strain-Rate Deformation of Granular Silicon Carbide,” Acta Materialia, Vol. 46, No. 11, 1998, pp. 4037-4065. doi:10.1016/S1359-6454(98)00040-8
K. Ravi-chandar, J. Lu, B Yang and Z Zhu, “Failure Mode Transition in Polymers under High Strain Rate Loading,” International Journal of Fracture, Vol. 101, No. 1-2, 2000, pp. 33-72.
M. N. Bassim and A. G. Odeshi, “Shear Strain Localization and Fracture in High Strength Structural Materials,” Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 31, No. 2, 2008, pp. 69-74.
S. E. Schoenfeld and T. W. Wright, “A Failure Criterion Based on Material Instability,” International Journal of Solids and Structures, Vol. 40, No. 12, 2003, pp. 3021-3037. doi:10.1016/S0020-7683(03)00059-3
K. M. Cho, S. Lee, S. R. Nutt and J. Duffy, “Adiabatic Shear Band Formation during Dynamic Torsional Deformation of an HY-100 Steel,” Acta Metallurgica et Materialia, Vol. 41, No. 3, 1993, pp. 923-932. doi:10.1016/0956-7151(93)90026-O
Q. Xue and G. T. Gray, “Development of Adiabatic Shear Bands in Annealed 316L Stainless Steel. Part II. TEM Studies of the Evolution of Microstructure during Deformation Localization,” Metallurgy and Materials Transaction: A, Vol. 37, No. 8, 2006, pp. 2447-2458. doi:10.1007/BF02586218
K. C. Dao and D. A. Schockey, “A Method for Measuring Shear-Band Temperatures,” Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 50, No. 12, 1979, pp. 8244-8246. doi:10.1063/1.325926
M. A. Meyers and C. L. Wittman, “Effect of Metallurgical Parameters on Shear Band Formation in Low-Carbon Steels,” Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 21, No. 12, 1990, pp. 3153-3164.
L. Zener and J. H. Hollomon, “Effect of Strain Rate upon Plastic Flow of Steel,” Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 15, No. 1, 1944, pp. 22-32. doi:10.1063/1.1707363
J. Barry and G. Byrne, “TEM Study on the Surface White Layer in Two Turned Hardened Steels,” Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 325, No. 1-2, 2002, pp. 356-364. doi:10.1016/S0921-5093(01)01447-2
Z. H. Chen, L. C. Chan, T. C. Lee and C. Y. Tang, “An Investigation on the Formation and Propagation of Shear Band in Fine Blanking Process,” Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 138, No. 1-3, 2003, pp. 610-614. doi:10.1016/S0924-0136(03)00141-9
M. A. Meyers, Y. J. Chen, F. D. S. Marquis and D. S. Kim, “High Strain Rate Behaviour of Tantalum,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions, Vol. 26A, 1995, pp. 2493-2509.
J. F. C. Lins, H. R. Z. Sandim, H. J. Kestenbach, D. Raabe and K. S. Veechio, “A Microstructural Investigation of Adiabatic Shear Bands in an Interstitial Free Steel,” Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 457, No. 1-2, 2007, pp. 205-218. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2006.12.019
R. W. Armstrong and F. J. Zerilli, “Dislocation Mechanics Aspects of Plastic Instability and Shear Banding,” Mechanics of Materials, Vol. 17, No. 2-3, 1994, pp. 319-327.
G. R. Johnson and W. H. Cook, “A Constitutive Model and Data for Metals Subjected to Large Strains, High Strain Rates and High Temperatures,” Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Ballistics, The Hague, 19-21 April 1983, pp. 541-547.
R. J. Clifton, J. Duffy, K. A. Hartley and T. G. Shawki, “On Critical Conditions for Shear Band Formation at High Strain Rates,” Scripta Metallurgica, Vol. 18, No. 5, 1984, pp. 443-448. doi:10.1016/0036-9748(84)90418-6
G. T. Gray, “Classic Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar Testing,” ASM Handbook, Vol. 8, 2000, pp. 462-476.
F. H. Abed, “Physically Based Multiscale-Viscoplastic Model for Metals and Steel Alloys: Theory and Computation,” Ph.D. Thesis, Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, 2005.
T. Ozel and Y. Karpat, “Identification of Constitutive Model Parameters for High Strain Rate Metal Cutting Conditions Using Evolutionary Computational Algorithms,” Materials and Manufacturing Processes, Vol. 22, No. 5, 2007, pp. 659-667. doi:10.1080/10426910701323631
T. Ozel and F. Pfefferkon, “Pulsed Laser Assisted Micromilling for Die/Mold Manufacturing,” ASME International Conference on Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Atlanta, 15-18 October 2007, pp. 337-342.
E. Cepus, C. D. Liu and M. N. Bassim, “The Effect of Microstructure on the Mechanical Properties and Adiabatic Shear Band Formation in a Medium Carbon Steel,” Journal Physique, Vol. 4, No. C8, 1994, p. 553.
T. W. Wright, “Approximate Analysis for the Formation of Adiabatic Shear Bands,” Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, Vol. 38, No. 4, 1990, pp. 515-530. doi:10.1016/0022-5096(90)90012-S
A. Molinari and R. J. Clifton, “Analytical Characterization of Shear Localization in Thermoviscoplastic Materials,” Journal of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 54, No. 4, 1987, pp. 806-812. doi:10.1115/1.3173121
M. N. Bassim, “Study of the Formation of Adiabatic Shear Bands in Steels,” Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 119, No. 1-3, 2001, pp. 234-234. doi:10.1016/S0924-0136(01)00952-9
W. S. Lee and C. F. Lin, “Impact Properties and Micro-structure Evolution of 304L Stainless Steel,” Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 308, No. 1-2, 2001, pp. 124-135. doi:10.1016/S0921-5093(00)02024-4