A Study on Synthesis and Characterization of Biobased Carbon Nanoparticles from Lignin
- 1 School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
- 2 School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
- 3 School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
- 4 School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
Abstract
Carbon nanoparticles were synthesized using lignin as a renewable feedstock by employing a freeze-drying process followed by thermal carbonization. The effect of adding various amounts of KOH to a lignin solution on the solubility of the lignin, the freeze-drying process, the thermal stabilization of the freeze-dried lignin, and carbon nanoparticle formation was investigated through FTIR, DSC, SEM, TEM and surface area analysis. SEM investigations confirmed that the freeze-drying process caused the formation of lignin with a porous microstructure. TEM analysis indicates that the thermal stabilization of freeze-dried lignin prevented the formation of agglomerated carbon nanoparticles during the carbonization process. The smallest carbon nanoparticles were found to be 25nm and were prepared from the lignin precursor with 15% KOH.
- Shenderova O, Zhirnov V, Brenner D. Carbon nanostructures. Critical Reviews in Solid State and Material Sciences. 2002;27:227-356. doi:10.1080/10408430208500497
- Iijima S, Ichihashi T. Single-shell carbon nanotubes of 1-nm diameter. 1993.DOI:10.1038/363603a0
- Lu J, Yang J, Wang J, Lim A, Wang S, Loh KP. One-pot synthesis of fluorescent carbon nanoribbons, nanoparticles, and graphene by the exfoliation of graphite in ionic liquids. ACS nano. 2009;3:2367-75. doi:10.1021/nn900546b
- Geim AK, Novoselov KS. The rise of graphene. Nature materials. 2007;6:183-91. doi:10.1038/nmat1849
- Wang Y, Serrano S, Santiago-Aviles J. Conductivity measurement of electrospun PAN-based carbon nanofiber. Journal of materials science letters. 2002;21:1055-7. doi:10.1023/A:1016081212346
- Ajayan P, Zhou O. Applications of carbon nanotubes. Carbon Nanotubes. 2001:391-425. doi:10.1007/3-540-39947-X_14
- Baughman RH, Zakhidov AA, De Heer WA. Carbon nanotubes--the route toward applications. Science. 2002;297:787-92. doi:10.1126/science.1060928
- Choi W, Lahiri I, Seelaboyina R, Kang YS. Synthesis of graphene and its applications: A review. Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences. 2010;35:52-71. doi:10.1080/10408430903505036
- Sinha N, Yeow JTW. Carbon nanotubes for biomedical applications. NanoBioscience, IEEE Transactions on. 2005;4:180-95. doi:10.1109/TNB.2005.850478
- Frackowiak E, Beguin F. Electrochemical storage of energy in carbon nanotubes and nanostructured carbons. Carbon. 2002; 40: 1775-87. doi:10.1016/S0008-6223(02)00045-3
- Ray SC, Saha A, Jana NR., and Sarkar R, Fluorescent carbon nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, and bioimaging application, J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 18546–18551. doi:10.1021/jp905912n
- Yu J., Zhang Q., Ahn J., Yoon S. F., Rusli, Li YJ, Gan B, Chew K, Synthesis of carbon nanoparticles by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition and their field emission properties, Journal Of Materials Science Letters 21, 2002, 543– 545. doi:10.1023/A:1015456921100
- Khaydarov R, Gapurova O. Application of Carbon Nanoparticles for Water Treatment, Water Treatment Technologies for the Removal of High-Toxicity Pollutants. In: Václavíková M, Vitale K, Gallios GP, Ivani?ová L, editors.: Springer Netherlands; 2010. p. 253-8. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-3497-7_25