Analysis of Natural Radioactivity in Phosphogypsum by Gamma Spectrometry and Evaluation of Radiological Risk Parameters Associated with Phosphogypsum Storage in Senegal — Oak Academic Publishing
Research ArticleOpen AccessGoogle Scholar indexed
Analysis of Natural Radioactivity in Phosphogypsum by Gamma Spectrometry and Evaluation of Radiological Risk Parameters Associated with Phosphogypsum Storage in Senegal
Institute of Applied Nuclear Technology, University of Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
,
Institute of Applied Nuclear Technology, University of Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
,
Institute of Applied Nuclear Technology, University of Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
,
Institute of Applied Nuclear Technology, University of Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
,
Institute of Applied Nuclear Technology, University of Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
,
Institute of Applied Nuclear Technology, University of Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
,
Institute of Applied Nuclear Technology, University of Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
,
Institute of Applied Nuclear Technology, University of Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
,
Institute of Applied Nuclear Technology, University of Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
,
Institute of Applied Nuclear Technology, University of Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
,
Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
1 Institute of Applied Nuclear Technology, University of Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
2 Institute of Applied Nuclear Technology, University of Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
3 Institute of Applied Nuclear Technology, University of Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
4 Institute of Applied Nuclear Technology, University of Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
5 Institute of Applied Nuclear Technology, University of Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
6 Institute of Applied Nuclear Technology, University of Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
7 Institute of Applied Nuclear Technology, University of Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
8 Institute of Applied Nuclear Technology, University of Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
9 Institute of Applied Nuclear Technology, University of Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
10 Institute of Applied Nuclear Technology, University of Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
11 Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
The HPGe gamma spectrometer was used to measure the concentrations of the natural radionuclides 226 Ra, 232 Th, and 40 K in eight samples of phosphogypsum, in order to assess the health risk indices associated with radiation and the excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR). The 226 Ra, 232 Th, and 40 K were discovered with activity concentrations of 586.26 ± 129.91, 4.05 ± 1.47, and 12.22 ± 6.75, respectively. The average values of the estimated radiological risk parameters were 592.99 ± 141.06 Bq·kg −1 for radium equivalent (Raeq), 273.81 nGy·h −1 for the external absorbed dose rate ( D ext ), and 544.81 nGy·h −1 for the internal absorbed dose rate ( D int ). The average annual effective dose (AEDE) was 335799.36 nSv·y −1 for the external effective dose (AEDE ex t) and 2672601.09 nSv·y −1 for the internal effective dose (AEDE in t). The annual dose equivalent to the gonads (AGED) was 1832.32 μSv. The average cancer risk rate (ELCR) was 10.22 × 10 −3 . With the External Risk Index (Hext), the Internal Risk Index (Hint), the Representative Gamma Index ( I γ ), and the Alpha Index I α , the average risk indices were 1.60; 3.19; 1.98; and 2.93. According to this study, the average values of radiological risk parameters for all examined samples exceed the internationally recommended thresholds.
Azouazi, M., Ouahidi, Y., Fakhi, S., Andres, Y., Abbe, J.C. and Benmansour, M. (2001) Natural Radioactivity in Phosphates, Phosphogypsum and Natural Waters in Morocco. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity , 54, 231-242. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0265-931x(00)00153-3
Fávaro, D.I.T. (2005) Natural Radioactivity in Phosphate Rock, Phosphogypsum and Phosphate Fertilizers in Brazil. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry , 264, 445-448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-005-0735-4
El-Bahi, S.M., Sroor, A., Mohamed, G.Y. and El-Gendy, N.S. (2017) Radiological Impact of Natural Radioactivity in Egyptian Phosphate Rocks, Phosphogypsum and Phosphate Fertilizers. Applied Radiation and Isotopes , 123, 121-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2017.02.031
Tayibi, H., Gascó, C., Navarro, N., López-Delgado, A., Choura, M., Alguacil, F.J., et al . (2011) Radiochemical Characterization of Phosphogypsum for Engineering Use. Journal of Environmental Protection , 2, 168-174. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2011.22019
Ndour, O., Thiandoume, C., Traore, A., Cagnat, X., Diouf, P.M., Ndeye, M., et al . (2021) Determination of Natural Radionuclides in Phosphogypsum Samples from Phosphoric Acid Production Industry in Senegal. Environmental Forensics , 24, 197-204. https://doi.org/10.1080/15275922.2021.2006362
Moutaouakil, A., Pineau, J.L. and Lahlou, K. (2003) La recherche d’un procédé viable de valorisation d’un phosphogypse provenant de l’industrie phosphatière marocaine. Environnement , Ingénierie & Développement , 29, 31-35. https://doi.org/10.4267/dechets-sciences-techniques.2231
Alcordo, I.S. and Rechcigl, J.E. (1993) Phosphogypsum in Agriculture: A Review. In: Advances in Agronomy , Elsevier, 55-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2113(08)60793-2
Saadaoui, E., Ghazel, N., Ben Romdhane, C. and Massoudi, N. (2017) Phosphogypsum: Potential Uses and Problems—A Review. International Journal of Environmental Studies , 74, 558-567. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2017.1330582
Gezer, F., Turhan, Ş., Uğur, F.A., Gören, E., Kurt, M.Z. and Ufuktepe, Y. (2012) Natural Radionuclide Content of Disposed Phosphogypsum as TENORM Produced from Phosphorus Fertilizer Industry in Turkey. Annals of Nuclear Energy , 50, 33-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2012.07.018
Mazzilli, B., Palmiro, V., Saueia, C. and Nisti, M.B. (2000) Radiochemical Characterization of Brazilian Phosphogypsum. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity , 49, 113-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0265-931x(99)00097-1
Reguigui, R., Sfar Felfoul, H., Ben Ouezdou, M. and Clastres, P. (2005) Radionuclide Levels and Temporal Variation in Phosphogypsum. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry , 264, 719-722. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-005-0778-6
Khan, H.M., Chaudhry, Z.S., Ismail, M. and Khan, K. (2010) Assessment of Radionuclides, Trace Metals and Radionuclide Transfer from Soil to Food of Jhangar Valley (Pakistan) Using Gamma-Ray Spectrometry. Water , Air , & Soil Pollution , 213, 353-362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-010-0390-4
Beretka, J. and Mathew, P.J. (1985) Natural Radioactivity of Australian Building Materials, Industrial Wastes and By-Products. Health Physics , 48, 87-95. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004032-198501000-00007
Rahman, S.U., Matiullah, Malik, F., Rafique, M., Anwar, J., Ziafat, M., et al . (2010) Measurement of Naturally Occurring/Fallout Radioactive Elements and Assessment of Annual Effective Dose in Soil Samples Collected from Four Districts of the Punjab Province, Pakistan. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry , 287, 647-655. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-010-0819-7
Qureshi, A.A., Tariq, S., Din, K.U., Manzoor, S., Calligaris, C. and Waheed, A. (2014) Evaluation of Excessive Lifetime Cancer Risk Due to Natural Radioactivity in the Rivers Sediments of Northern Pakistan. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences , 7, 438-447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrras.2014.07.008
Attallah, M.F., Metwally, S.S., Moussa, S.I. and Soliman, M.A. (2019) Environmental Impact Assessment of Phosphate Fertilizers and Phosphogypsum Waste: Elemental and Radiological Effects. Microchemical Journal , 146, 789-797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2019.02.001
Joel, E.S., Maxwell, O., Adewoyin, O.O., Ehi-Eromosele, C.O., Embong, Z. and Saeed, M.A. (2018) Assessment of Natural Radionuclides and Its Radiological Hazards from Tiles Made in Nigeria. Radiation Physics and Chemistry , 144, 43-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2017.11.003
Alhous, S.F., Kadhim, S.A., Alkufi, A.A. and Kadhim, B.A. (2020) Measuring the Level of Radioactive Contamination of Selected Samples of Sugar and Salt Available in the Local Markets in Najaf Governorate/Iraq. IOP Conference Series : Materials Science and Engineering , 928, Article ID: 072097. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/928/7/072097
Song, M.H., Chang, B.U., Koh, S.M., Kim, Y.J., Kim, D.J. and Kim, G.H. (2011) Overall Natural Radioactivity of a Phosphate Fertilizer Industry in Korea. Radioprotection , 46, S113-S118. https://doi.org/10.1051/radiopro/20116835s
Dueñas, C., Fernández, M.C., Cañete, S. and Pérez, M. (2010) Radiological Impacts of Natural Radioactivity from Phosphogypsum Piles in Huelva (Spain). Radiation Measurements , 45, 242-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2010.01.007
Al-Jundi, J., Al-Ahmad, N., Shehadeh, H., Afaneh, F., Maghrabi, M., Gerstmann, U., et al . (2008) Investigations on the Activity Concentrations of 238 U, 226 RA, 228 RA, 210 PB and 40 K in Jordan Phosphogypsum and Fertilizers. Radiation Protection Dosimetry , 131, 449-454. https://doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncn214
Korany, K.A., Masoud, A.M., Rushdy, O.E., Alrowaili, Z.A., Hassanein, F.H. and Taha, M.H. (2021) Phosphate, Phosphoric Acid and Phosphogypsum Natural Radioactivity and Radiological Hazards Parameters. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry , 329, 391-399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-021-07796-8
Jose Madruga, M., Prudencio, M.I., Gil Corisco, J.A., Mihalik, J., Marques, R., Santos, M., et al . (2019) Distribution of Natural Radionuclides, Rare Earth Elements, Metals and Metalloids in a Phosphogypsum Stockpile. International Journal of Waste Resources , 9, Article No. 363. https://doi.org/10.35248/2252-5211.19.9.363
Ajam, L., Ben Ouezdou, M., Felfoul, H.S. and Mensi, R.E. (2009) Characterization of the Tunisian Phosphogypsum and Its Valorization in Clay Bricks. Construction and Building Materials , 23, 3240-3247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.05.009
United Nations (2008) UNSCEAR 2008 Report on Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation. Vol. 1. https://doi.org/10.18356/a02938bf-en
Abdullahi, S., Ismail, A.F. and Samat, S. (2019) Determination of Indoor Doses and Excess Lifetime Cancer Risks Caused by Building Materials Containing Natural Radionuclides in Malaysia. Nuclear Engineering and Technology , 51, 325-336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.net.2018.09.017
Kolo, M.T., Aziz, S.A.B.A., Khandaker, M.U., Asaduzzaman, K. and Amin, Y.M. (2015) Evaluation of Radiological Risks Due to Natural Radioactivity around Lynas Advanced Material Plant Environment, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research , 22, 13127-13136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4577-5
Imani, M., Adelikhah, M., Shahrokhi, A., Azimpour, G., Yadollahi, A., Kocsis, E., et al . (2021) Natural Radioactivity and Radiological Risks of Common Building Materials Used in Semnan Province Dwellings, Iran. Environmental Science and Pollution Research , 28, 41492-41503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13469-6