This paper reflects the scopes of accelerator driven system (ADS) based nuclear energy, as a reliable source of electric energy generation, comparing to the other existing non-renewable and renewable sources. There are different limitations in the use of every source of electric energy but in consideration of minimum environmental impact, exclusively inherently low greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, and also, high life time with maximum power production efficiency, nuclear would be the best choice. From this study it was found that several difficulties involved in the ADS based energy production, more specifically, difficulties regarding the target parameters, coding system, waste management, etc. Hence suggestions from this study points out that if it is possible to ensure more energy efficient production of enriched uranium, improved nuclear fuels and reactors that allow greater utilization, extended life times for nuclear power plants (NPPs) that reduce the need to build new facilities, improved coding system capable of minimizing the discrepancy between theoretical and experimental calculation of spallation products, improved data library with sufficiently available high energy nuclear data to perform a better coding analysis, and finally, considering the environmental safety if the disposal of the radioactive wastes could manage more effectively, nuclear energy would then play a significant role in minimizing future energy crisis worldwide as well as to save our loving green earth.
KeywordsGreen Nuclear EnergySpallationAccelerator Driven SystemTransmutation of WastesSustainable Energy Development
Lackner, K.S. (2010) Comparative Impacts of Fossil Fuels and Alternative Energy Sources, Issues in Environmental Science and Technology 29, Carbon Capture: Sequestration and Storage, Royal Society of Chemistry. www.rsc.org
(2008) A Sustainable Energy Future: The Essential Role of Nuclear Energy. https://inlportal.inl.gov/.../NLDC_ltr_Future_of_Nuclear-Final.pdf
(2010) Meeting the Energy Challenges of the Future—A Guide for Policymakers. National Conference of State Legislatures, a Forum for America’s Ideas. www.ncsl.org
http://www.renewable energysources.com/
(2011) International Status and Prospects of Nuclear Power, 2010 Edition, International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna. www.iaea.org/Publications/Booklets/NuclearPower/np10.pdf
MIT Study on the Future of Nuclear Power, the Future o f Nuclear Power—Over View and Conclusions. Chapter #1. http://web.mit.edu/nuclearpower/pdf/nuclearpower-ch1-3.pdf
Kapoor, S.S. (2002) Accelerator-Driven Sub-Critical Reactor System (ADS) for Nuclear Energy Generation. Pramana-Journal of Physics, 59, 941-950. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12043-002-0143-z
Kowalczyk, A. (2007) Proton Induced Spallation Reactions in the Energy Range 0.1 - 10 GeV. A Doctoral Dissertation Prepared at the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Jagiellonian University, Submitted to the Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science at the Jagiellonian University, Cracow, 1-162.
Majerle, M. (2008) Monte Carlo Methods in Spallation Experiments. Report for the PhD State Exam, Czech Technical University in Prague, 1-55.
Bauer, G.S. (1998) Physics and Technology of Spallation Neutron Sources. Lecture Notes of a Course Given at the Frederic Jolliot Summer School in Cadarache, France; Intended for Publication, in Revised Form, in a Special Issue of Nuclear Instruments and Methods A, 1-44.
Krása, A. (2010) Spallation Reaction Physics. Manuscript for the Lecture “Neutron Sources for ADS” for Students of the Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering at Czech Technical University, Prague, 1-61.
Shetty, N.V. (2013) Study of Particle Transport in a High Power Spallation Target for an Accelerator-Driven Transmutation System. Master’s Thesis, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 1-138.
Kadi, Y. and Revol, J.P. (2005) IAEA/ICTP Workshop on Technology and Applications of Accelerator Driven Systems (ADS). ICTP, Trieste.
Armbruster, P. and Benlliure, J. (2001) Basic Nuclear Data at High and Intermediate Energy for Accelerator-Driven Systems. http://www.nupecc.org/iai2001/report/A6.pdf
Wade, D.C. (2001) Safety Considerations in Design of Fast Spectrum ADS For Transuranic or Minor Actinide Burning: A Status Report on Activities of the OECD/NEA Expert Group. Overview Paper, 95-118. www.researchgate.net/.../237451934
Mongelli, S.T., Maiorino, J.R., Anéfalos, S., Deppman, A. and Carluccio, T. (2005) Spallation Physics and the ADS Target Design. Brazilian Journal of Physics, 35, 894-897. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-97332005000500048
Zhang, Y.L., Zhang, X.C., Qi, J., Wu, Z. and Yang, L. (2013) Study on the Parameters of the ADS Spallation Target. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 420, Article ID: 012064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/420/1/012064
OECD (2005) Accelerator and Spallation Target Technologies for ADS Applications, Nuclear Energy Agency, Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development. A Status Report, NEA No. 5421.
Leray, S., Boudard, A., David, J.C., Donadille, L., Villagrasa, C. and Volant, C. (2005) Impact of High Energy Nuclear Data on the Radio-Protection in Spallation Sources. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 115, 242-246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/nci086
Klippel, H.T. (2003) ADS Activities in the Netherlands. IAEA-TECDOC-1365, 166-175.
Khandaker, M., Mank, G., Mengoni, A., Otuka, N., David, J.-C., Leray, S., et al. (2010) Codes and Data for Spallation Sources, Benchmark of Nuclear Spallation Models. http://scholar.google.com
Chigrinov, S.E., Kievitskaia, A.I., Rakhno, I.L., Serafimovich, I.G., Rutkovskaia, C.K., et al. (2003) Research on Accelerator Driven Systems in the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. IAEA-Tecdoc-1365, 78-91.
Koning, A., Beijers, H., Benlliure, J., Bersillon, O., et al. (2002) A European Nuclear Data Programme for Accelerator-Driven Systems. Seventh Information Exchange Meeting on Actinide and Fission Product Partitioning and Transmutation, 723-734. https://www.oecd-nea.org/pt/docs/iem/jeju02/session5/SessionV-05.pdf
Aoust, T., Malambu, E.M. and AïtAbderrahim, H. (2005) Importance of Nuclear Data for Windowless Spallation Target Design. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Data for Science and Technology, American Institute of Physics, College Park, 1572-1575.
Fragopoulou, M. (2006) Shielding around Spallation Neutron Sources. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 41, 514-518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/41/1/058
Magill, J. and Peerani, P. (1999) (Non-) Proliferation Aspects of Accelerator Driven Systems. Journal de Physique IV, 9, Pr7-167.
Benlliure, J. (2006) Spallation Reactions in Applied and Fundamental Research. Lecture Notes in Physics, 700, 191-238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-33787-3_5
Ray, J. (2011) Accelerator Transmutation of Waste. Submitted as Coursework for Physics 241, Stanford University, Stanford.
OECD (2006) Physics and Safety of Transmutation Systems. Technical Report, NEA No. 6090.
GAO (2011) Nuclear Fuel Cycle Options. Technical Report GAO-12-70, United States Government Accountability Office, Washington DC.
Arkhipov, V. (1997) Future Nuclear Energy Systems: Generating Electricity, Burning Wastes. IAEA Bulletin, 39, 30-33.