Determination of Gamma Angular Distribution from the Shape of Spectral Line for the First Excited State of Carbon Nucleus
- 1 Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- 2 Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- 3 Henryk Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Kraków, Poland
- 4 RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- 5 Department of Nuclear Physics and Its Applications, Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
- 6 RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- 7 RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- 8 Department of Nuclear Physics and Its Applications, Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
- 9 RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- 10 RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- 11 Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- 12 Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- 13 RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- 14 Henryk Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Kraków, Poland
Abstract
An experiment investigating gamma emission in hadron therapy was performed at Cyclotron Centre Bronowice (CCB), Cracow, Poland, using two different phantom materials—carbon and poly(methyl methacrylate) PMMA. The measurements were carried out at 70 MeV proton beam energy and the gamma quanta were registered with the use of HP Ge detector with scintillation anti-Compton shielding. Although the primary aim was to establish a solid experimental data base for future applications in prompt gamma imaging, the data have also been analyzed with regards to the position and shape of the spectral line stemming from deexcitation of the carbon excited state 4.44 MeV. Measurements potentially useful to determine the cross section were performed only at 90° laboratory polar angle. However, benefiting from the very good energy resolution it turned out possible to extract information on angular distribution of the C* (4.44 MeV) deexcitation by analyzing the associated line shape. This paper presents the scheme of model calculations assuming the whole process can be divided into two stages: excitation of carbon nuclei by impinging protons and deexcitation of the C* (4.44 MeV) state.
- Min, C.H., Kim, C.H., Youn, M.Y. and Kim, J.W. (2006) Prompt Gamma Measurements for Locating the Dose Falloff Region in the Proton Therapy. Applied Physics Letters, 89, Article ID: 183517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2378561
- Moteabbed, M., España, S. and Paganetti, H. (2011) Monte Carlo Patient Study on the Comparison of Prompt Gamma and PET Imaging for Range Verification in Proton Therapy. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 56, 1063-1082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/56/4/012
- Pinto, M., et al. (2015) Absolute Prompt-Gamma Yield Measurements for Ion Beam Therapy Monitoring. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 60, 565-594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/60/2/565
- Kraan, A.C., et al. (2015) Online Monitoring for Proton Therapy: A Real-Time Procedure Using a Planar PET System. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A, 786, 120-126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2015.03.059
- Kolata, J.J., Auble, R. and Galonsky, A. (1967) Excitation Energy of the First Excited State of 12C, and Observation of a Coherent Doppler Effect. Physical Review Letters, 162, 957-962. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.162.957
- Kiener, J., de Sèrville, N. and Tatischef, V. (2001) Shape of the 4.438 MeV γ-Ray Line of 12C from Proton and α-Particle Induced Reactions on 12C and 16O. Physical Review C, 64, Article ID: 025803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.64.025803
- Koning, A., Hilaire, S. and Duijvestijn, M. (2013) TALYS (Computer Software). Nuclear Research and Consultancy Group, Netherlands; Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission in Bruyères-le-Chatel, France.
- Brun, R. and Rademakers, F. (2015) ROOT (Computer Software). CERN, Switzerland.